Gross national. Gross national product (GNP)

To determine the state of economic well-being of the country, there are a significant number of different criteria by which the country's macroeconomic indicators are compiled. There are those that relate to psychological, social and other. But in this article, only those that indicate the level of economic prosperity are of interest, or rather, two of them: gross domestic product and gross national product. And the main question: what is the difference between GDP and GNP? In most countries of the world, these figures do not differ much from each other. But there is a difference between them, and within the framework of the article it is necessary to find out how much the values ​​differ when calculating, why they are calculated and, finally, what is the meaning of these parameters, and what are macroeconomic indicators in general.

What's happened

Gross domestic product means the total value of all material goods produced and services rendered that were provided and brought into a state of readiness for sale. Moreover, products made within the borders of a certain country are taken into account. This is the main difference between GDP and GNP. The calculation is carried out in nominal banknotes. But conditions should be taken into account, because sometimes products can be taken into account in GDP, and sometimes they cannot.

An example of calculating GDP

So, if there is a certain plant that produces semi-finished products and exports them abroad, then the total value of the semi-finished products produced by the enterprise will be added to the gross domestic product. But if the factory uses them in the future itself to manufacture more advanced and necessary products that will be exported, then the value of the GDP will be added to the value of the further product (the most final, ready for external sale). It should be said separately about what real and nominal GDP / GNP are. The second is what is currently available, while the first is what should be the result of dividing GNP by the general price level. Pretty confusing for a layman. The main difference that needs to be understood when studying GDP and GNP is in the territorial aspect of the calculation.

What is gross national product

Gross national product is understood as the total value of material goods and services that were produced and provided by representatives of one people throughout the entire Earth. Compared to calculating the gross domestic product, it is more laborious and gives only a relative idea of ​​the standard of living. This is all due to the use of funds: for example, if a person moved to another country and started a business there, the GNP takes into account the income that he brings to the state, but this income he brings in a completely different way, from which his homeland does not receive direct taxes and investments in the economy . A workaround is possible, when money earned abroad will be transferred to the homeland, but even this option is not optimal in terms of using human potential. How GDP differs from GNP, at this stage it should already be clear, if not, you need to read the two previous paragraphs.

How is GDP calculated?

Gross domestic product for a certain year is calculated in this way: the market value of all products produced by the country in a certain monetary expression, which is ready for sale and use outside the enterprise that manufactured it, is summed up. Here we should digress and talk about the so-called positive shadow sector of the economy. Calculating the real gross national product of a country is very problematic.

Positive shadow GDP

Usually, from TV screens, newspaper pages, on the radio, on the Internet, you can find out that the shadow sector is always bad. But only illiterate people can say that. Let's give an example: you have a garden for ten acres, and it was planted with potatoes, carrots, radishes, herbs and other crops. The time has passed, the time has come to harvest. Vegetables harvested from the plots do not openly go into the gross domestic product, therefore, purely technically, this is part of the shadow sector of the economy - production without taxes. But it is grown, as a rule, for their own use, does not harm society, but can only reduce the profits of individual entrepreneurs. It is from such situations that the positive shadow sector of the economy consists. Why was this said? The fact is that in different countries of the world there have been and, perhaps, there will still be attempts to define the boundaries of this sector and add it to the gross domestic product (or gross national product), but so far, due to the impossibility of obtaining accurate data on the volume of work, such a calculation is not is underway. Measurement of GDP and GNP is carried out in local currencies for "their" investors, and in US dollars for reporting data to international ones. Conversion is carried out at the official exchange rate.

How is GNP calculated?

The gross national product is calculated according to the data provided by people who have citizenship of a certain country, or, if there is a division into nations (provided in passports), then based on the income of representatives of one nation. Such a calculation method is necessary to obtain information about the state of the state-forming masses as a reason for judging the state of affairs in the state itself.

Who calculates gross domestic product?

GDP is calculated by two organizational forms: private and public. The tax, customs services, various statistics committees help the state to collect the required information. The information they collect is pretty accurate. But there are a number of pitfalls here that spoil the state statistics. Among them: the submission of false data by managers or owners of enterprises, the deliberate falsification of data by the government or its subordinate structures. In world practice, it has been noted that owners of enterprises in capitalist countries have a tendency to reduce data, and managers in countries with a significant public sector, like in China, are interested in increasing indicators, where scandals arise over and over again about enterprises overestimating their profitability and turnover.

How do private structures think?

Private structures operate in other ways. They carry out the calculation on the basis of official data, but at the same time, they check the data provided by other states on the amount of turnover, check with the data of banking institutions, other private structures that have access to the information of the required type, and on the basis of a comprehensive assessment, they are already making their own conclusions about the value of the gross domestic product and present their subjective judgments about the correspondence of government data to the real state of affairs. The calculation of GDP and GNP is carried out by them in order to provide additional confirmation of the financial capabilities of the power, and also as an indicator of how much the government of the country can be trusted from the point of view of a foreign investor.

Who calculates the gross national product?

GNP is calculated using almost the same methods as GDP, but the scale of action changes. So, if the gross domestic product is calculated for a certain territorial unit, then when calculating the gross national product, one has to take into account what is relevant to the people for which the indicator is calculated.

The concept of GDP and GNP for most countries is not very different, even when calculated by private structures. For some, however, there are differences, and they are huge. One of these states is Tajikistan, which receives 60% of its gross domestic product from the work of economic migrants. Thus, the gross national product of this country has a multiple excess of GDP.

Why calculate GDP?

There are many ways to calculate gross domestic product. Initially, the state wants to know the potential of the economy in order to be able to plan the further consistent development of the state formation. Also, a comparison of indicators of gross domestic product allows you to see the progress and stability of its development. That is, data is provided, according to which potential investors will decide whether the country corresponds to favorable indicators for them, and whether it is worth investing in a project.

GDP is based on a number of other indicators that show the general level of life comfort, the possibility of a person realizing his talents, the level of social security and many other aspects of life. One such indicator is the human development index. But even if things are not going well in the country, and then the calculation of the gross domestic product has a certain meaning: it kind of shows the level of openness in the country, and although at the moments of decline it restrains investors' investments and causes panic among them, at the beginning of growth it can provoke those who invests in assets that have reached the bottom value bar, and on the principle of a snowball to cause the economy to grow. Indicators of GNP and GDP are valuable precisely as indicators of the level of development of the country, indicators of the possible potential that can be worked with and which can be developed by converting into profit.

Why consider GNP?

The main purpose, which should only be mentioned, is to find potential reserves. The fact is that migrants who have left the country and conduct economic activities in the territory of another state can transfer money to their homeland. And ideally, once they save enough money, they can go home and start their own business, creating jobs and thus revitalizing economic life. But the problem is that although they try to take everyone into account, a rather small number return to their homeland, so it is impossible to consider the entire potential as usable. Typically, various models take into account indicators from 20 to 80 percent. Data is used to identify groups of people who are most likely to return.

The final products and services produced with the introduction of the internal resources of the power during a given period of time. GNP determines the value of products made by factors of production that are owned by the citizens of this power, including in the territory of other states.

GNP characterizes both a single cost and a single profit in the economy.

The gross state product is considered to be the earliest indication of GDP. It should be noted that GNP is used in the statistics of a number of foreign countries to this day.

GNP reflects the consequences of work in two areas of the ethnic economy of material production and services. It characterizes the cost of the entire volume of final production of goods and services in the economy for 1 year (quarter, month). The sign is calculated in the cost of both current (working) and constant (tariffs of some base year).

The difference between GNP and GDP

• GDP is calculated according to the so-called territorial indicator. This is the total price of products of the spheres of material production and the field of activity, regardless of the nationality of the companies located in the territory of this power;

• GNP is oriented as the market price of all final goods and services made in the economy in a year. With all this, the annual size of the final products and services created by the inhabitants of the state is provided, both on the scale of the state territory and abroad.

Another definition of GNP is the necessary amount of earnings of companies, organizations, population in material and intangible production. GNP also takes into account depreciation charges that will arise as a result of adding part of the price of used products (machines, machines, etc.) to finished products. As for GDP, for a correct calculation of GNP, all products and proposals completed this year must be taken into account 1 time.

Thus, GNP differs from GDP by the required amount of so-called factor earnings from the use of the resources of this power abroad, transferred to the country of money invested abroad, belongings there, the salary of people working abroad minus similar profits of foreigners exported from the power. Traditionally, in order to calculate GNP, the difference between the profits and earnings acquired by enterprises and individuals of this power abroad, on the one hand, and the profits and earnings acquired by foreign investors and foreign employees in this country, on the other hand, is added to the GDP indicator.

This difference is very small: for the main Western countries it is less than ±1% of GDP. The UN Statistical Service advises adopting the GDP indicator as the main feature.

Calculation of the Gross State Product (GNP)

Thus, in order to obtain the gross state product, it is necessary to add to GDP the difference between the income from factors of production (factor earnings) due to the border and the factor earnings of non-residents in this country. Residents are all persons living in the territory of this power, not counting foreigners who come to it for a period of at least a year.

For example, after calculating the gross domestic product of Estonia for a certain period, it is necessary to add factorial profits from Estonian firms located in other states to it, and take away the profits of firms from other states located on the territory of the republic. The quantitative difference between the gross domestic product is insignificant and in developed countries does not exceed 2%.

GNP can be represented as PQ, where the sign P is the level of prices, and the sign Q is the amount of real material amenities and services that are legally sold and provided. As it follows, natural production, natural exchange (barter), black goods are usually not reflected in the gross product.

Accounting for the Gross State Product (GNP)

The gross product includes only end-use goods at the cost of final buyers.

• These include, firstly, products and offers purchased by households for their own use and, secondly, investment products. Also, end-use goods include all purchases by municipalities and exports of products abroad.

• Own-use goods include the goods of daily use and long-term use: food, clothing, household appliances, etc.

• Investment products contain all construction. Similarly, such goods include purchases of production equipment.

• All municipal purchases of products, services, and construction requests are treated as end-use products.

The creation, sale, purchase of end-use products are productive transactions. As follows, these transactions increase the gross product. Unproductive transactions are not provided for in GNP.

The gross product takes into account only the final goods produced in a certain period of time, for example, in a year. As it follows, everything that was done in the past year cannot be taken into account again this year. In addition to all this, you should take into account the produced product 1 time. Eliminate the sale and sale of old things that have already been provided for before. In this year's GNP, for example, a car produced in the same year will be taken into account, although an old car that is resold will not be taken into account in the GNP. The product is considered sold as soon as it is purchased by the final buyer.

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The success of a national economy is measured by indicators such as gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP) and national income.

GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced in a year. end products- this is any product (consumer goods, equipment, buildings, etc.) that is not intended for further industrial processing or resale. This means resales, financial transactions, fines, etc. not included in GDP.

Only officially registered transactions are included in GDP, i.e. self-employment and the shadow economy (illegal types of economic activity) are not taken into account here.

A country's GDP is calculated from the expenditures or incomes of all economic entities.

If we subtract depreciation costs (the cost of worn-out equipment and premises) from GDP, we get net national product (NNP). NNP = GDP - A.

GNP is different from GDP. GDP takes into account the work of all people in the country, regardless of citizenship (foreign workers in Russia increase our GDP).

GNP takes into account work citizens of the country not only on its territory, but also abroad (for example, the work of a Russian in a foreign company). GDP and GNP differ from each other by a few percent, but their dynamics is always unidirectional, so one of these indicators is usually used to analyze the state of the economy.

National Income (ND)- the sum of all incomes of the country's population for the year, the newly created value. This is what production has managed to add to the welfare of the country in a year. With the help of ND measure the level of well-being of the country.

TOPIC 13. THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN THE ECONOMY.

Currently, most economic systems combine market relations with elements of state regulation, i.e. the market operates, but the state actively intervenes in the economy. All levers of state influence on the economy can be divided into direct and indirect.

Direct regulation involves the use of administrative methods. One of them is legal regulation- Adoption of laws relating to the market. plays a special role here antitrust law, the purpose of which is to limit the dictate of monopoly associations on the market.

Indirect regulation involves various economic measures :

1) the system of state orders, those. purchases of certain goods that allow increasing demand, and, therefore, expanding the domestic market;

2) financial and economic regulation- regulation of the economy with the help of the monetary system (for example, issuing loans to enterprises). This is the main lever of influence on the economy.

The ways and extent of state intervention in the economy are controversial. Two economic theories clash on this issue: monetarism and Keynesianism.

Monetarism (M. Friedman) means the maximum release of the economy from state control, enabling the market to independently regulate the production of goods and their exchange (trade).

Keynesianism (D. Keynes) means greater state intervention in the economy, its regulation by increasing or reducing demand by changing the money supply: only an active financial policy of the state that stimulates demand can cope with many market troubles, such as unemployment.

In today's world, most governments use both monetary and Keynesian methods.

TOPIC 14. TAXES

Taxes are obligatory payments to the state of part of the income of citizens and organizations. They are established by law and necessary for the state to have the means to carry out its functions.

All activities related to the collection of taxes are called tax policy.

The tax system consists of several elements:

1) types of taxes;

2) tax legislation;

3) calculation methods;

4) forms of tax collection.

Tax functions :

1) fiscal- this is the filling of the state budget so that the authorities can fulfill their obligations to society;

2) social- redistribution of income in favor of the poor strata of the population through various social programs;

3) stimulating- the use of taxes as a tool to influence the economic behavior of producers and consumers (providing tax incentives, etc.).

Taxes are divided into direct and indirect :

1) straight- are levied explicitly on the income of citizens and organizations (income tax, corporate income tax);

2) indirect- citizens pay them imperceptibly when buying goods and services, because such taxes already paid by enterprises are included in prices (excises, customs duties).

The tax may be:

1) progressive- this is a tax, the interest rate of which rises as the income of the taxpayer grows (the more income, the greater the percentage of it must be paid);

2) regressive- the interest rate decreases as the income of the taxpayer increases. All indirect taxes are regressive - having bought the same things, the rich and the poor will pay the same amount, but it will be different in size shares in the income of these two people: the poor will give a larger share of their income than the rich.

3) proportional - the average rate is constant. In the Russian Federation, income tax is proportional - 13%, regardless of the amount of income.

In developed countries, direct taxes predominate: income tax, property tax, income tax, etc. These taxes are paid by the rich, who are more obliged to support the state than the poor. In Russia, the situation is reversed. The bulk of the income of the Russian Federation is formed by indirect taxes (customs duties, VAT, excises, etc.). Everyone pays these taxes, but the main burden falls on the poor due to the nature of the indirect tax.

The types of taxes are established by the Tax Code and divided into federal, regional and local. to the regional for example, transport tax, to local- land and personal property tax.

The purpose of the lesson: teach students to calculate the main indicators of the system of national accounts.

Students should know: indicators of the system of national accounts “gross domestic product”, “net national product”, “national income”, “personal income”, “personal disposable income”. The difference between gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP). Methods for calculating the gross domestic product. Formulas for calculating real and nominal GDP, GDP deflator.

Students should be able to: analyze statistical data on the main macroeconomic indicators. Calculate GDP using different methods on conditional examples. Calculate real and nominal GDP, GNP deflator, net national product, national income, personal income, personal disposable income using conditional examples.

Lesson plan:

1. Explaining the concepts of gross domestic product and gross national product - 10 min.
2. Calculation of GDP by different methods, net national product, national income, personal income, personal disposable income - 15 min.
3. Calculation of real and nominal GDP, GNP deflator - 15 min.
4. Test 3 min.
5. Homework - 2 min.

Lesson Description:

1. Definition.

One of the main macroeconomic indicators that evaluate the results of economic activity are gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP).

GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced in a country during a year, regardless of whether the factors of production are owned by residents of that country or owned by foreigners (non-residents).

GNP is the market value of all final goods and services produced in a country during a year. GNP measures the value of products created by factors of production owned by citizens of a given country (residents), including those in other countries - this is called the net income of factors.

GNP = GDP + net factor income.

Net factor income from abroad is equal to the difference between the income received by citizens of a given country abroad and the income of foreigners received in the territory of this country.

The GDP of our country in 2003 was 9.3 trillion. rub.

By dividing a country's GDP by the number of its citizens, one obtains a figure called "GDP per capita." The higher the GDP per capita, the higher the standard of living in the country.

Final goods and services are those that are purchased during the year for final consumption and are not used for intermediate consumption (that is, in the production of other goods and services).

GDP does not include the cost of purchasing goods produced in previous years (for example, the purchase of a house built five years ago), as well as the cost of purchasing intermediate products (raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, etc., used to produce final products).

For example, food prepared at home and in a restaurant may be exactly the same, but only the cost of the latter is taken into account in GDP. A servant and a housewife can do the same work, but only the wages of the servant will enter the GDP. The volume of production in the shadow economy is not taken into account in GDP.

Example: “A tire manufacturing company sells 4 tires worth 4,000 rubles to a car manufacturing company.

Another company sells a player to a car company for 3,000 rubles. Having installed all this on a new car, the automobile company sells it to consumers for 200,000 rubles. What amount will be included in the calculation of GDP?”

Answer: The GDP will include the cost of the final product - the finished car, 200,000 rubles. The cost of the tires and the player is included in the intermediate product. If the player was bought in a store for his own use. Its value would be included in the GDP of that year.

2. When calculating GDP should be based on the following conditions. Everything that is produced in the country will be sold. Therefore, one can simply calculate how much consumers - the end users of manufactured products - spend on their purchase. Thus, one can think of GDP as the sum of all expenditures required to buy the entire volume of production on the market.

You can look at the same problem from the other side. What is spent by consumers on the purchase of goods. Received as income by those who participated in their production. Income from the sale of manufactured goods is used to pay wages to workers, rent to the owner of the land (if the enterprise is located on land owned by another owner), interest on loans received from the bank, profit - the income of the owner of the company.

In accordance with this approach, there are two ways to calculate GDP:

a) on expenses;
b) income.

When calculating GDP by expenditures, the expenditures of all economic agents are summed up: households, firms, the state and foreigners (expenditure on our exports). The total expenses consist of:

• personal consumption expenditures, which include household expenditures on durable and current consumption goods, services, but do not include expenditures on the purchase of housing;
• gross investment, including capital investment, or investment in fixed assets, investment in housing, investment in inventories. Gross investment can be represented as the sum of net investment and depreciation. Net investment increases the stock of capital in the economy;
• public procurement of goods and services, for example, for the construction and maintenance of schools, roads, the maintenance of the army and the state apparatus. This does not include transfer payments (allowances, pensions, social insurance payments);
• net export of goods and services abroad, calculated as the difference between exports and imports.

GDP by Expenditure = P + I + G + (Exp. - Imp.)

(Gross investment - depreciation = net investment).

When calculating GDP by income, all income received by residents of the country from production (wages, rent, interest, profits) is summed up, as well as two components that are not income: depreciation and indirect taxes on business.

GDP by income = salary + rent + dividends + interest + depreciation + indirect taxes

Profit for calculating GDP includes: income tax, retained earnings and dividends.

Personal income = salary + rent + dividends + interest

Personal disposable income = personal income - personal taxes + transfers

Net national product = GNP - depreciation

National income = net national product - indirect taxes

Task. According to the data characterizing the economy of the state (in trillion rubles), calculate the value of GDP in terms of income and expenditure:

GDP = 825 + 224 + (302 - 131) + (422 - 410) = 1232

GNP = GDP + NFD = 1232 + 15 = 1247

NNP \u003d GNP - (gross inv. - net inv.) \u003d 1247 - 26 \u003d 1221

ND = NNP - indirect taxes = 1221 - 107 = 1114

3. Nominal GDP(GNP) is calculated in current year prices, while real GDP is calculated in comparable (i.e., constant, basic) prices.

Real GDP = Nominal GDP / Price Index

The most well-known price index is the GDP deflator.

GDP deflator = Total value of the current period bundle at current prices / Total value of the current period bundle at basic prices * 100%

GDP Deflator = Nominal GDP / Real GDP * 100%

Task: Assume that the economy produces and consumes 3 goods. Calculate the GDP deflator for 1992.

Answer: GDP deflator = 8 15 + 7 34 + 5 1425 / 8 10 + 7 27 + 5 655 * 100% = 211%

There was an increase in prices in 1992. compared to 1982

Task: The table shows the values ​​of the GDP deflator as of December 31 of the corresponding year.

Year	GDP deflator
0 (base)	1,00
1	1,15
2	1,25
3	1,33
4	1,40
5	1,50
6	1,64

Answer: The rate of inflation is the percentage change in prices per year.

Year	Inflation rate (annual)
0 (base)	Can't be defined
1	15%
2	8,70%
3	6,40%
4	5,26%
5	7,14%
6	9,33%

1 year: 1.15 - 1.00 / 1.00 * 100% = 15%

Year 2: 1.25 - 1.15 / 1.15 * 100% = 8.70%

Year 3: 1.33 - 1.25 / 1.25 * 100% = 6.40%

Year 4: 1.40 - 1.33 / 1.33 * 100% = 5.26%

Year 5: 1.50 - 1.40 / 1.40 * 100% = 7.14%

Year 6: 1.64 - 1.50 / 1.50 * 100% = 9.33%

GDP Deflator (for Year 6) = Nominal GDP / Real GDP = 1.64

Which of the following types of income is taken into account when calculating GDP:

a) the pension of a former factory worker;
b) the work of a painter painting his own house;
c) the income of a dentist in private practice;
d) monthly money transfers received by the student from home;
f) purchase of 100 shares of Mosenergo

When calculating the GDP of a given year, the following are taken into account:

a) the sum of all money received by the citizens of the country in a given year;
b) the market value of all final goods and services produced in a year;
c) the amount of state revenues and expenditures;
d) the cost of raw materials and materials consumed by enterprises in a given year.

Nominal GDP amounted to 1250 billion rubles, and real - 1000 billion rubles. Then the index - GDP deflator is equal to:

a) 25%;
b) 80%
c) 125%
d) 225%

Homework:

Solve the problem: “Nominal GDP in 1994 (basic) amounted to 400 billion rubles. and in 1995 - 440 billion rubles. Index - GDP deflator 1995 was equal to 125%. How has real GDP changed in 1995 compared to real GDP in 1994?

1. According to the condition of the problem, 1994 is the base year, which means that the nominal and real GDP for it coincide, i.e. real GDP 1994 equal to 400 billion rubles.
2. Real GDP 1995 can be found by dividing nominal GDP by the 1995 GDP deflator:
3. Real GDP 1995 = 440 billion rubles. / 125% * 100% = 352 billion rubles.

Real GDP has declined since 1994.

The volume of products produced in a society is the main criterion for the effectiveness of the functioning of the economic system, an indicator of the slightest changes in the national economy. The well-being of all its citizens depends on how much goods and services are produced in a given country. Following the dynamics of the volume of products produced in society, they determine which phenomena in the life of the nation have benefited and which have not. Consequently, how the total volume of production changes also depends on what economic goals the society will set for itself, what the economic policy will be aimed at, what methods or levers of influence on the economic situation it will use.

12.1.1. Gross domestic product and gross national product: features of measurement and calculation

One of the main indicators of the SNA are indicators that reflect the volume of production in the economy. One of the main such indicators is the gross domestic product (GDP). Gross domestic product (GDP) - this is the market value of the entire set of final material goods and services produced in the territory of a given country for a certain period of time (most often for a year). In addition to the GDP indicator, the gross national product (GNP) indicator is widely used. Gross national product (GNP) – reflects the market value of the entire set of final material goods and services produced using only national factors of production, regardless of where they are located - on the territory of a given country or abroad. Thus, part of the GNP is produced abroad, on the other hand, part of the products that are created in the country, but when using resources belonging to other countries, are not taken into account in the GNP, but are included in its GDP. That is, the market value of products manufactured at a Russian enterprise abroad will be taken into account in the GNP of Russia and in the GDP of the country where this enterprise operates. For example, the cost of cars produced at an automobile plant owned by a foreign company located in the Russian Federation, including profits, is part of the GDP of the Russian Federation. Conversely, profits received by one of the plants of a Russian firm, for example, in France, are excluded from the GDP of the Russian Federation. The relationship between GDP and GNP can be represented as the following scheme:

Rice. 12.1.1. Structural relationship between GNP and GDP

Quantitatively, the difference between GDP and GNP is determined by the sum of net income from foreign factors of production:

GDP=GNP+Net income from foreign factors of production

Net income from foreign factors of production, in turn, is the difference between income from foreign factors of production paid to other countries and income from domestic factors of production located abroad:

Net income from foreign factors of production can be both positive and negative. If it is positive value, this means that the resources owned by foreigners have produced more output and income in this state than the resources of this state abroad. For most countries, the difference between GDP and GNP is negligible. For the United States and Russia, it is no more than 1%, for countries such as Luxembourg, Switzerland, and the Persian Gulf countries, it is approximately 10%.

In the SNA, the main place is occupied by the indicator of GDP, and it is to this that we will focus further. First, we describe the features of its calculation and measurement. Firstly, GDP is taken into account in monetary form, which is due to the impossibility of summing natural indicators, which measure the production of a wide variety of products (pieces, tons, meters, etc.). Secondly, GDP takes into account not only the production of material goods, but also services. Thirdly, the value of only final products is included in GDP, while the intermediate product is accounted for using the value added method. Under final product refers to a good or service intended for direct consumption by the public (households) or business. Intermediate - this is a product intended for further processing or resale. Intermediate goods are consumed in further production, while the final ones are not. GDP includes the value of final goods, but excludes the sale of intermediate products. The existence of an intermediate product is fraught with the danger of double, triple, etc. accounts, when the total result (the value of the products produced in the society) turns out to be overestimated several times. Let's explain with an example. GDP includes the cost of finished products (for example, a cotton shirt), but if GDP also includes the cost of fabric, threads and other things used to create a shirt, then the value of GDP will be overestimated several times. The fact that only the final product is taken into account in GDP does not mean that the intermediate stages of production are not taken into account. Accounting is carried out by summing up the added value created at each next stage of the movement of manufactured products. Added value is the market price of the product produced, minus the cost of the materials used to create the product. Fourth, some types of transactions are not reflected in GDP:

transactions with securities - these transactions do not involve an increase in current production, because are nothing more than an exchange of paper assets. The funds involved in these operations do not directly participate in the current production of products;

state transfer payments (pensions, scholarships, social benefits) - a feature of state transfer payments is that their recipients do not make any contribution to GDP in response to these payments. Thus, their inclusion in GDP would lead to an overestimation of this indicator;

private transfer payments (inheritance, gifts, monthly subsidies received by students from home, etc.). These payments are not the result of production, but only the act of transferring funds from one private person to another;

operations in the used goods market, i.e. things that have gone through several stages of resale. Only two stages of implementation are taken into account in GDP - wholesale and retail trade. The rationale for excluding sales of used goods from GDP seems to be quite clear: such sales either do not reflect current production or include double counting.

Fifth, some types of activities are not reflected in GDP: work in the household; shadow sector of the economy; work of scientists, inventors, teachers at home. Sixth, GDP takes into account goods and services produced by the government and not sold on the market (means of national defense and public order, free education). The cost of government services is usually assumed to be equal to the wages paid to employees of government agencies.

As you know, GDP is a certain fixed amount of goods and services produced in a society in a year. At the same time, this amount of goods is sold on the market and it can be calculated by summing up the costs of buyers for the purchase of this commodity mass. On the other hand, the amount of expenses, according to the model of economic circulation of goods, income and resources, must correspond to the amount of income (Fig. 12.1.2.). In this regard, there are two methods for calculating GDP - by the flow of goods and services (expenditures) and by the flow of income. GDP calculated from the income stream should equal GDP calculated from the expenditure stream. In fact, it's not just an equation, it's an identity. Purchase, i.e. spending money, and selling, that is, receiving money, are two sides of the same transaction. What is spent on a product is income for those who have invested their human and material resources in the production of this product and its sale on the market.

Income

Resources