Presentation of physical and geographical characteristics of Crimea. Presentation on the topic "geographical location of Crimea"

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The Crimean Peninsula occupies a relatively small territory - its area is 20 times smaller than the Iberian and Balkan Peninsulas, and 15 times smaller than Kamchatka and Asia Minor. But Crimea became famous, significant and attractive largely due to the peculiarities of its nature, and above all its unique geographical location. The southernmost point of Crimea (44° 23") is Cape Sarych, near the village of Foros, located between Sevastopol and Alupka. The northernmost (46° 15") is located on the Perekop Isthmus, near the village of Perekop. The westernmost point of Crimea (32°29") is Cape Priboyny (Kapa-Mryn) on the Tarkhankut Peninsula. The easternmost (36°39") is Cape Fonar on the Kerch Peninsula. The area of ​​the Crimean Peninsula exceeds 26 thousand km2, the maximum distance from north to south is 205 km, from west to east - 325 km.

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Crimea is rightly called a natural pearl. Here, at the junction of temperate and subtropical latitudes, a variety of landscapes have formed, including mountains and plains, ancient volcanoes and modern mud hills, seas and lakes, forests and steppes, stretching from the South Coast sub-Mediterranean to the semi-desert Sivash region...

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Crimea is located in the latitudinal zone of the globe, located at equal distances from the equator and the North Pole (approximately 5 thousand kilometers each). In the north, the peninsula is attached to the mainland by the narrow (7-23 km) Perekop Isthmus. From the west and south, the peninsula is washed by the Black Sea, from the east by the Kerch Strait (the border with Asia!) and in the northeast by the Sea of ​​Azov and its Sivash Bay.

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The CLIMATE of most of Crimea is a temperate climate: mild steppe - in the flat part; more humid, characteristic of deciduous forests - in the mountains. The southern coast of Crimea is characterized by a sub-Mediterranean climate of dry forests and bushes.

Crimea, especially its mountainous part, thanks to its comfortable climate, rich clean air, toned with phytoncides, sea salts, and the pleasant aroma of plants, also has great healing powers. The depths of the earth also contain healing mud and mineral waters.

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Reservoirs of Crimea

In Crimea there are 1657 rivers and temporary watercourses with a total length of 5996 km. Of these, about 150 rivers are dwarf rivers up to 10 km in length. The Salgir River alone is more than 200 km long. The river network is developed extremely unevenly on the peninsula. There are also more than 300 lakes and estuaries. Almost all the lakes are saline and are located along the coast, in the low-lying steppe part and several desalinated lakes. Koyashskoye Lake Churbashskoye Chokrakskoye Terekly (Salty) Ak-Mechetskoye Liman and others.

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MOUNTAINS OF CRIMEA Mount Demerdzhi

The mountain system is formed by three mountain ranges stretching from Cape Aya in the vicinity of Balaklava in the west to Cape St. Ilya near Feodosia in the east. The length of the Crimean Mountains is about 160 km, the width is about 50 km. The outer ridge is a series of cuestas, gradually rising to heights of about 350 m. The inner ridge reaches a height of 750 m. The highest point of the Main Ridge stretching along the Southern Coast of the Black Sea is Mount Roman-Kosh, 1545 m high, located on Babugan-yayla. Mount Ai-Petri

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The flora of the Crimean peninsula is extremely diverse: according to some sources, it has 2,400 wild species of higher plants, according to others - 2,775. You can find such plants as: walnut, hawthorn, beech and others.

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The connection between the unique geographical location of Crimea and the uniqueness of the peninsula’s fauna is no less obvious than for the flora, although the animals are more dynamic. In addition to the species characteristic of the nearby southern regions, we find animals of the Mediterranean range everywhere on the peninsula. You can meet such animals as: stingray, owl, dolphin, red deer and others.

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Evpatoria Diana's Grotto Rock of the Holy Apparition Catherine's Mile Ocheretai Bay

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Sudak Simeiz Yalta Gurzuf Kerch Peschane

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According to the 2001 census, the population of Crimea is 2.031 million people, of which in the four largest cities of the autonomy - Sevastopol (365.8 thousand people), Simferopol (364 thousand people), Kerch (157.2 thousand people .) and Evpatoria (122 thousand people) – 41% live. The share of the urban population of Crimea is 63%, living in rural areas is 37% (according to the previous census of 1989, this ratio was 70% to 30%).

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Over 80 nationalities live in Crimea, the most numerous of them are Russians (65-70%), Crimean Tatars (18%), Ukrainians (10-15%). According to official data compiled as a result of the census at the beginning of 2014. The population of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol is 2 million 734 thousand people.

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1. The length of the longest trolleybus route in the world is 86 kilometers, and it runs in Crimea between Simferopol and Yalta. 2. Another interesting animal of Crimea can be considered the South Russian tarantula. Its bite can cause anaphylactic shock, and besides, the bite itself is very painful, despite the fact that the size of the spider is only 3.5 cm. 3. The shallowest sea in the world is the Sea of ​​Azov. It washes the shores of Crimea. The maximum depth of the Azov Sea is 15 meters.

“CRIMEA IS OUR” interdisciplinary lesson in geography and biology, geography teacher Bogatov A.M. biology teacher Avezova O.G.

On March 18, 2014, an agreement was signed on the entry of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol into the Russian Federation as subjects of the Russian Federation. Thus, the administrative-territorial division of Russia now includes 85 equal subjects.

Plan for studying the history of Crimea 1. Crimean Khanate 2. Crimea as part of the Russian Empire 3. Crimea as part of Ukraine 4. Modern Crimea

History of Crimea In 1478, the Crimean Khanate became part of the Ottoman Empire. The Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774 put an end to Ottoman rule and, according to the peace treaty of 1774, the Ottomans renounced their claims to Crimea. On April 8, 1783, Catherine II issued a manifesto on the acceptance of the “Crimean Peninsula”, as well as the Kuban side, into the Russian Empire. On December 1, 1991, at the All-Ukrainian referendum, residents of Crimea participated in the vote on the independence of Ukraine. On March 18, 2014, an interstate Agreement was signed between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea on the admission of Crimea to the Russian Federation.

History of Crimea

Plan for studying the geographical location of Crimea In what part of the country is it located? Position in relation to neighboring countries; Position in relation to oceans, seas, bays; Peninsula climate; Natural areas of Crimea; Relief of the peninsula; Position in relation to natural resource deposits; Position in relation to transport routes.

Geographical location of Crimea A peninsula in the northern part of the Black Sea, a marginal southwestern republic within Russia; It borders on Ukraine from the north, has maritime borders with Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Georgia, Abkhazia; It juts out deeply into the Black Sea, which it is washed from the south and west, and from the east it is washed by the Sea of ​​Azov; The climate of the northern part is temperate continental, on the southern coast - with features similar to subtropical. Natural zones of Crimea: forest-steppe, steppe; in the mountains – areas of altitudinal zonation; According to the nature of the relief, the peninsula is divided into three unequal parts: the North Crimean Plain with the Tarkhankut Upland (about 70% of the territory), the ridge-hilly plains of the Kerch Peninsula with the manifestation of mud volcanism and the mountainous Crimea, stretching in three ridges - the Main (southern), Internal and External (northern), separated by longitudinal plains; Mineral deposits: oil, natural gas, mineral salts, construction raw materials, combustible gas, thermal waters, iron ore; Position in relation to transport routes: there is an international airport in Simferopol. The ports of the Black Sea are Evpatoria, Sevastopol, Yalta, Feodosia and Kerch. In Kerch there is a ferry crossing across the Kerch Strait, connecting Crimea with the Krasnodar region of Russia.

Plan for studying natural features 1. Endemics among the plants of Crimea 2. Relict plant species 3. Diversity of animals of Crimea 4. Fauna of the Azov and Black Seas

Endemics of Crimea Astragalus Crimean edelweiss Stephen's maple thyme

lady's slipper butcher's broom Relics of Crimea juniper strawberry

Animals of Crimea stone crab peacock eye leopard snake newt paint crane raccoon dog

Plan for studying the tourist attractiveness of Crimea 1. How can Crimea be attractive to tourists? 2. Famous Crimean resorts: Sevastopol, Simferopol, Yalta, Evpatoria, Feodosia, Kerch

Tourist attractiveness of Crimea 1. Sanatorium and recreation; 2. Sea holidays; 3.Nature reserves; 4. Architectural monuments; 5. Ski resorts; 6. Music and dance festivals; 7. Museums and exhibitions.

Sevastopol Simferopol Yalta Evpatoria Feodosia Kerch

Consolidation 1. The Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol became part of the Russian Federation ……………………. 2. The Crimean peninsula is washed by the waters of two seas: ……………….. and …………………….. 3. Most of the territory of the peninsula is occupied by a natural zone ………………………….. 4 Animals and plants that are found only in a certain limited area are called …………. 5. Relict plants of Crimea include …………………….. 6. The largest tourist centers of the Crimean peninsula: ………………………………………………………………………………… …………

Consolidation 1. The Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol became part of the Russian Federation on March 18, 2014 2. The Crimean peninsula is washed by the waters of two seas: the Black and Azov 3. Most of the territory of the peninsula is occupied by a natural zone of forest-steppes and steppes 4. Animals and plants that are found only in a certain limited area, are called endemics 5. Relict plants of Crimea include juniper, strawberry, snowdrop, etc. 6. The largest tourist centers of the Crimean peninsula: Sevastopol, Yalta, Kerch, Feodosia, Simferopol, Evpatoria, etc.

Crimea is inimitable and unique. It has something that can make a person happy. And for this you do not need to have a passport, a visa, or a multi-hour flight to the ends of the world. You just need to see him, know him and love him...

2 From a sample program in geography (based on the Federal State Educational Standard) Geography of Russia Large natural complexes of Russia. Crimea (geographical location, history of exploration of the peninsula, natural features (plain, foothill and mountainous parts; climate features; natural differences in the territory of the peninsula; uniqueness of nature)). General characteristics of the farm. Geographical zoning. Administrative-territorial structure of the Russian Federation. Regions of Russia. European part of Russia. Crimea: features of the EGP, PRP, population and characteristics of the economy. Recreational farming. Features of the territorial structure of the economy, specialization. Geography of the most important sectors of the economy. 2

3 Kryoom Federal District Federal District of the Russian Federation, formed by decree of Russian President V.V. Putin dated March 21, 2014. The district includes two federal subjects, the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol. Located on the Crimean Peninsula. In terms of the number of subjects, population, size of territory, the district is the smallest among federal districts, inferior to all others by several times. It is the only semi-exclave district that does not have a land border with other districts and the main territory of Russia (although it does have one with another state, Ukraine). The administrative center of the district is the capital of the Republic of Crimea, the city of Simferopol, although the largest city of Crimea and the Crimean Federal District is the city of Sevastopol, which among federal districts is also typical only for the North Caucasus Federal District. 3

4 History of creation In February-March 2014, large-scale socio-political changes began in Crimea, known as the Kryoom crisis. These changes began with the protests of the local (mostly Russian-speaking) population against the actions of the former opposition that came to power in Ukraine as a result of the events of February 2014. In February 2014, a change was made in the executive authorities of Sevastopol and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, and those, in their own in turn, they did not recognize the legitimacy of the new Ukrainian government and turned to the leadership of the Russian Federation for assistance and assistance. Local authorities, thanks to the support of Russia and despite attempts at opposition from the Ukrainian authorities and pressure from Western countries, quickly organized and held a referendum on March 16, 2014 on the status of Crimea on its possible secession from Ukraine and entry into the Russian Federation. As a result of the referendum on March 17, 2014, on the basis of the Declaration of Independence, the sovereign Republic of Crimea was unilaterally proclaimed, which included Sevastopol as a city with a special status. March 18 - an international agreement was signed on the admission of Crimea and Sevastopol to Russia, according to which new subjects of the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol are formed within the Russian Federation. At the same time, due to the stated specifics, these two subjects were not included in the close Southern Federal District, but formed a separate Kryoom Federal District. 4

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8 Military-strategic significance of Crimea Crimea is the place where the geopolitical interests of Russia, Turkey, the United States and the European Union are concentrated. Beyond the problem of owning Crimea, Ukraine’s interest on the peninsula concerns the Kerch Strait (as a sea route to the Azov Sea ports of Mariupol, Berdyansk and Genichesk), the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea between the Crimean Tarkhankut and Odessa and the general problem of Black Sea security. 8

99 Subject of the Federation Area (km²) Population Administrative center 1Republic of Crimea thousand people. Simferopol 2 Federal city of Sevastopol thousand people. Sevastopol

10 Territory and population of Crimea 10 FOSimferopol Center Territory area 27 thousand km² Population people. (January 1, 2015) (1.57% of the Russian Federation) Density 84 people. per 1 sq. km % of urban population 67.4% Number of subjects 2 Number of cities 19

12 Kryoom Peninsula Occupies a relatively small territory - in area it is 20 times smaller than the Iberian and Balkan Peninsulas, 15 times smaller than Kamchatka and Asia Minor. But Crimea became famous, significant and attractive largely due to the peculiarities of its nature, and above all its unique geographical location. In Russian sources, the Kryoom Peninsula was called Taurida until the 1920s. The modern name of the peninsula probably comes from the Turkic word “Crimea”: rampart, wall, ditch.

13 The Kryoom Peninsula is located in southern Russia at the latitude of southern France and northern Italy. Its outlines are peculiar; some see it as a flying bird, others as a bunch of grapes, and still others as a heart. But each of us, looking at the map, immediately finds in the middle of the blue oval of the sea an irregular quadrangle of a peninsula with a wide protrusion of the Tarkhankut Peninsula in the west and a long, narrower protrusion of the Kerch Peninsula in the east. The Kerch Strait separates the Kryoom Peninsula from the Taman Peninsula, the western tip of the Krasnodar Territory. In the north it is connected to the continent by the narrow (up to 8 km) Perekop Isthmus. Area of ​​about 27 thousand sq. km, of which 72% is plain, 20% mountains, 8% lakes and others

15 Ibn Battuta According to some sources, at the beginning of 1332, a traveler on a ship on the Black Sea sailed to Kerch. Description of Ibn Battuta’s travels is a valuable historical source. Interesting are Ibn Battuta’s notes about his stay in Crimea and at the court of Khan Uzbek, replete with information of an economic, ethnographic and cultural-everyday nature. Crimea

16 Karl Ivanovich Gablitz () In 1783, Crimea was included in Russia and Karl Ivanovich Gablitz was appointed vice-governor of the new Tauride province. For two years he explored the peninsula in detail and compiled its first scientific description. Gablitz correctly distinguished three orographic regions there: “flat”, mountainous and flat-hilly Kerch Peninsula with steep and high banks. He was the first to propose a three-part division of the Crimean Mountains, now generally accepted: the Northern, or External (according to Gablitz, “advanced”) ridges, the Middle, or Internal, and Southern, or Main. The southern slopes are steeper than the northern ones, and there are open valleys between the mountains. The southern ridge in the Chatyrdag region is divided into two parts by a transverse valley; in the ridge he discovered traces of volcanic activity. K. Gablitz explored the Crimean rivers, noting their large slopes and the presence of waterfalls. He also described minerals, including Kerch iron ores. The name of the scientist was given to a cave in the Crimea, and the plant genus Hablitzia (Hablitzia M.Bieb.) (or Hablitzia thamus-like of the Chenopodiaceae family) was named in his honor.

17 P. S. Pallas () visited Crimea in the years. He described the Southern Ridge in much more detail than K. Gablitz and identified the highest part of it - from Balaklava to Alushta. He considered the highest point of the ridge to be Chatyrdag (1527 m; now Roman-Kosh, 1545 m).

18 Dokuchaev in Crimea In Crimea V.V. Dokuchaev arrived in the summer of 1878. It was during this period that he accumulated scientific material for his now world-famous work “Russian Chernozem”. Work that laid the foundation not just for “chernozem science”, but for a completely new science of soil science. Observations and scientific materials collected by V.V. Dokuchaev during a trip to Crimea, became a significant contribution to the emerging science of the “fourth kingdom of nature,” which, according to the scientist, is soil. Crimea Having explored the “marly lands” of the southern coast of Crimea and humus-rich soils “on pink high plateaus” ), having visited the outskirts of Sevastopol and the foothills on the way to Simferopol, the scientist did not find the real “king of soils” chernozem anywhere. And only in the vicinity of Simferopol did he manage to see “vegetable soil, up to 111/2 feet thick, dark gray with a chestnut tint.” This was the same “king of soils” for whom he came to Crimea. North of Simferopol V.V. Dokuchaev took samples of it and later, in the laboratory, very accurately determined that the amount of organic matter contained in this soil, humus (humus), reaches 4.5%. Southern coast of Crimea Sevastopol Simferopol V.V. Dokuchaev was the first to prove the widespread distribution of chernozems in the central plain part of Crimea. In his diaries and then in his writings, the scientist wrote that here “there are chocolate-gray chernozems thirty to forty centimeters thick, containing about 3% humus.” He also found that the thickness of chernozem soils in Crimea decreases from south to north. V.V. Dokuchaev linked the change in humus content in soils to the characteristics of the relief, climate and vegetation cover. In 1895 V.V. Dokuchaev visited Crimea for the second time, again crossing all its soil zones. The Crimean expedition and, in particular, the study of “Simferopol type” chernozems helped V.V. Dokuchaev to substantiate his view on the origin of chernozems and other soils. It is important to note that in Crimea V.V. Dokuchaev studied not only soils, but also other components of the geographical environment. He divided the entire peninsula into three stripes and gave them a brief natural and geographical description. One of the villages of the Crimean plain, where the great soil scientist conducted research, is now called Dokuchaevo. Dokuchaevo Geological and soil research in Crimea, carried out by V.V. Dokuchaev, laid the foundation for extensive research by many geologists and geographers.

19 N.A. Golovkinsky () It is difficult today to appreciate the scientific feat of Nikolai Golovkinsky, who managed to examine every mountain river, rivulet and more or less noticeable watercourse to compile a map of the natural water supply of Crimea. The scientist also paid a lot of attention to the exploration of artesian, deep water reserves. He proposed creating the first artesian station in Russia, which was founded in Saki. ON THE. Golovkinsky was the first to come to the conclusion that the ridge of the Main Range of the Crimean Mountains in the geological past was a coral reef of an ancient ocean (“warm water sea”) that existed on the site of our peninsula.

20 G. F. Morozov () Russian forester, botanist, soil scientist and geographer of the late 19th century early 20th century, a classic of Russian forestry. forestry botanist soil geographer 19th century 20th century forestry Influence in the scientific world greatly contributed to the creation of the Crimean Nature Reserve, this one of our first Russian “natural monuments” , so said in 1924 V. N. Sukachev (Soviet geobotanist, forester, geographer) of the Crimean Nature Reserve V. N. Suk

21 Alexander Alexandrovich Kruber () an outstanding Soviet physical geographer, the founder of Russian and Soviet karst studies - Kruber’s main works are devoted to the study of karst. He was the first to apply the principle of a comprehensive geographical approach to the study of karst phenomena. His works “Hydrography of Karst” (1913) and “Karst Region of the Mountain Crimea” (1915) were of great importance for the development of karst science in Russia.

22 Alexander Evgenievich Fersman () In 1939, geochemical studies of Crimean mineral deposits were carried out in 1939

23 Viktor Nikolaevich Dublyansky - geologist The formation of modern domestic sports and then scientific speleology is associated with his name. Discoverer and researcher of about 1000 karst cavities, including the famous Red one in Crimea; leader of 46 scientific expeditions, dozens of sporting events; author of more than 520 scientific works, Peru V. N. Dublyansky owns the first textbooks on sports speleology “Journeys Underground” (1968, 1981), a fascinating popular science book “Following a Drop of Water” (1971), several dozen monographs about the caves of the Crimea, Ukraine, Western Caucasus. In 1975, the VI International Speleological Congress awarded him a gold medal "For the development of world speleological science", in 1981 his scientific successes were awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor, and in 1994 he became a State Prize laureate for his work on the engineering geology of karst Republic of Crimea... ()

24 Al.V. Ena In 1971, carried out a study of the natural-territorial complexes of the Crimean sub-Mediterranean, considered applied problems of protection and directions of rational environmental management of this unique landscape region of Crimea and all of Eastern Europe, on the basis of genetic analysis, the scientist first substantiated and introduced into scientific circulation the concept of the Crimean sub-Mediterranean, which was logically extended to the landscapes of the southern macroslope of the Main Crimean ridges from Cape Fiolent in the west to Cape Ilya in the east, mapped the local landscapes and showed their morphological structure in rare cases. (

26 Relief The relief of the Crimean peninsula consists of three unequal parts: the North Crimean Plain with the Tarkhankut Upland (about 70% of the territory), the Kerch Peninsula and the mountainous Crimea, stretching in three ridges in the south. The main ridge of the Crimean Mountains (1545 m, Mount Roman-Kosh) consists of separate limestone massifs (yayl) with plateau-like peaks and deep canyons. The southern slope of the Main Ridge stands out as the Crimean sub-Mediterranean. The Inner and Outer ridges form the Crimean foothills. The mountainous Crimea, within the alpine geosynclinal folded region, stretches in a strip of about 180 km from Sevastopol to Feodosia and up to 50 km wide. A unique calling card of Crimea is the Karadag volcanic massif (577 m), formed in the Middle Jurassic period as a result of underwater volcanic eruptions.

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29 The highest mountain peaks: Roman-Kosh 1545 m; Demir-Kapu 1540 m; Zeytin-Kosh 1534 m; Kemal-Egerek 1529 m; Eklizi-Burun 1527 m; Angara-Burun 1453 m The relief of Crimea is influenced by both internal and external processes (earthquakes, landslides, landslides, screes, coastal abrasion, mudflows, karst, water and wind erosion, soil subsidence, etc.). Crimea is subject to seismic hazard in the foothills and plains up to 6-7 points, in the mountains

32 “Records” of climate for the Crimean peninsula in recent years: The highest temperature in summer - the absolute maximum (+40.7 C) - was recorded in August 1930 in the village of Klepinino. The lowest temperature in winter - the absolute minimum (-36.8 C) - registered in the village of Nizhnegorsky in January 1940. The coldest and snowiest winter was when the temperature remained below - 10 C for almost 50 days. In Simferopol, the thaw lasted for almost three months. The maximum amount of precipitation, mm, was recorded in 1981 on Ai-Petri. The longest drought was in 1947, when even in the mountains there was no rain for almost 100 days. The maximum number of foggy days (in Crimea) is observed on Ai-Petri (days in 1970).The windiest point not only in Crimea, but also in Ukraine is Ai-Petri (in 1949, the wind blew here at a speed of over 15 m/s for 125 days).On Ai-Petri The highest wind speed was also recorded - 50 m/s. 32

33 Soils The soils of Crimea are diverse. The soils of the lowland Crimea include: dark chestnut, southern chernozems, foothill chernozems, meadow-chernozems, meadow-chestnuts, solonetzes and solonchaks. Solonetzes and solonchaks are common in the Sivash region, on the coasts of the Karkinitsky Bay and the Kerch Peninsula. Brown mountain forest soils have formed in the mountainous Crimea

34 257 rivers flow through the territory of Crimea (the largest are Salgir, Kacha, Alma, Belbek, Indol, Biyuk-Karasu, Chernaya, Burulcha). The longest river in Crimea is Salgir (220 km), the deepest river is Belbek (water flow 1500 liters per second). There are over 50 salt lakes in Crimea, the largest of which is Lake Sasyk-Sivash, 205 sq. km. The Black Sea artesian basin is located. The steppe part is cut by canals for irrigation; the largest is the North Kryoom Canal. Hydrography

35 Fauna In the steppe Crimea, the most common mammals are: gophers, mice, hamsters, jerboas, as well as the steppe ferret, weasel, and fox. The world of birds, especially waterfowl, is quite rich. These are laughing gulls, herons, and lapwings. Other bird species include steppe eagles, larks, kestrels, partridges, etc. Reptiles and amphibians live here: steppe viper, lizards, grass snakes, etc.

36 Fauna In the mountainous Crimea, the fauna is much richer. Mammals include: Kryoom deer, roe deer, wild boar, and mouflon. Predators include the common fox, stone marten, weasel, and badger. There are not many birds in the Crimean forests. These are woodpeckers, starlings, thrushes, finches and predatory species such as hawks, griffon vultures, and black vultures. Reptiles and amphibians are represented by: marsh turtles, leopard and yellow-bellied snakes, and lizards. Among the insects, Mediterranean species stand out: cicadas, mosquitoes, mantis beetles, Crimean ground beetles.

37 Nikitsky Botanical Garden Nikitsky Botanical Garden is an amazing corner of Crimea. Located near Yalta, in the village of Nikita, the garden smoothly descends to the sea, forming several parks: Upper, Lower, Primorsky, and a park on Cape Montedor. Nikitsky Botanical Garden is a huge collection of plants from all over the world; it is one of the oldest botanical gardens in the world.

38 Flora Currently, there are over 2,536 species and subspecies of higher plants on the peninsula. There are 106 endemic plant species in Crimea. In the flora of the mountainous Crimea there are many tertiary relicts, for example, high juniper, small-fruited strawberry, comperia compera and other plants.

39 Nature conservation The nature reserve fund includes 158 objects and territories (including 46 of national importance, the area of ​​which is 5.8% of the area of ​​the Crimean Peninsula). The basis of the reserve fund is made up of 6 nature reserves with a total area of ​​63.9 thousand hectares: Kryoomsky with the branch “Swan Islands”, Yalta Mountain Forest, Cape Martyan, Karadagsky, Kazantipsky, Opuksky.

40 Science In Crimea there are large scientific centers of oceanography (in Sevastopol and Kerch), ecological and biological (Karadag biostation), historical and archaeological, balneology, general medical, agricultural and winemaking, military space, aviation and naval fields. Universities Tauride National, Medical, Agrarian, Sevastopol National Technical University. The Crimean Astrophysical Observatory and its branch Simeiz Observatory are located in the south of Crimea. Crimean Observatory Karadag Biological Station

41 Culture Crimea is one of the few regions of Eastern Europe that became familiar with the culture of ancient Greece and Rome during their heyday. The Crimean culture of the Middle Ages is closely connected with Byzantium and the Mediterranean. The ruins of Chersonesus, founded in ancient times, are a heritage of ancient Greek and early medieval Byzantine architecture that have survived to this day. The late medieval culture of the peninsula is imbued with the influence of Asia Minor Muslim culture and bears the imprint of Seljukism. Crimea is the homeland of many peoples and cultures, ranging from the early settled peoples of the Greeks, Armenians, Bulgarians, Romans, etc. and later settled as a result of new conquests of the Tatars and Slavic peoples. Chersonese Feodosia

42 Crimea is associated with the names of I.K. Aivazovsky, Chekhov, Voloshin, Green, Arkady Averchenko, Marina Tsvetaeva; the beauty of the peninsula was sung by Mickiewicz in “Crimean Sonnets”; The poems of Alexei Apukhtin and Yulia Drunina are dedicated to the heroic past. Also associated with Crimea: K. Korovin G.G. Myasoedov V. Vasnetsov Z. Serebryakova A. I. Kuindzhi I. Aivazovsky F. Vasiliev A. Milyukov

43 January-December people per 1000 population 1) increase (+), decrease (-) Births, 412.2 Deaths, 713.7 including children under 1 year of age, 2 2) 6.9 2) Natural increase (+), decrease (-), 3-1.5 Marriages, couples, 36.8 Divorces, couples, 61.1 1) Monthly registration indicators are given in annual terms. 2) Per 1000 births. Vital statistics (Republic of Crimea)

44 Cities of the Crimean Federal District City Urban population 14.X. 2014, people Simferopol Sevastopol Alushta Armyansk Dzhankoy Evpatoria Kerch Krasnoperekopsk Saki Sudak Feodosia Yalta

45 Nationality Republic of Crimea % city – Sevastopol % Kryoom Federal District % Russians, 32% ,58% ,40% Ukrainians, 32% ,38% ,01% Crimean Tatars, 03% 18580.49% ,22% Belarusians, 45%58721.56%351571.46% Tatars,55%25120.67%136020.57% Armenians 87690.43%13190.35%100880.42% Jews 45150.22%10160.27%55310.23% Moldovans 37610 .19%8010.21%45620.19% 45 National composition of the Crimean Federal District (according to the 2001 census)

46 The composition of the Crimean population has changed over time from predominantly Crimean Tatar in the 18th century, to a mixed multi-ethnic one at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century: The era of Hellenic colonization of people: the Bosphorus and Scythian kingdoms within the borders of Crimea. First quarter of the 18th century people (95.1% Crimean Tatars, 2.6% Greeks, 2.1% Armenians) 1760s-70s people (92.6% Crimean Tatars, 4% Armenians, 3.1% Greeks) 1795 people (87.6% Crimean Tatars, 4.3% Russians, 1.9% Greeks, 1.7% Gypsies, 1.5% Karaites, 1.3% Ukrainians) 1816 people (85.9 % Crimean Tatars, 4.8% Russians, 3.7% Ukrainians) 1850 people (77.8% Crimean Tatars, 7% Ukrainians, 6.6% Russians, 2% Greeks, 1.9% Gypsies, 1.3 % Karaites, 1% Armenians, 1% Germans, 0.9% Jews, 0.5% Bulgarians) 1864 people (50.3% Crimean Tatars, 28.5% Russians and Ukrainians, 6.5% Greeks, 5, 3% Jews, 2.9% Armenians, 2.7% Germans, 1.7% Karaites, 1.6% Bulgarians) 46

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50 Main languages ​​of the Crimean peninsula according to the 2001 census Native language Population Share, % Russian, 75% Crimean Tatar, 59% Ukrainian, 51% Belarusian, 24% Armenian, 21% Moldavian, 06% Gypsy, 05% Greek 6890.03% other, 04 % not specified, 52 % 50

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53 Natural resources The natural reserve fund includes 158 objects and territories (including 46 of national importance). The basis of the reserve fund is made up of 6 nature reserves with a total area of ​​63.9 thousand hectares: Kryoomsky with the branch “Swan Islands”, Yalta Mountain Forest, Cape Martyan, Karadagsky, Kazantipsky, Opuksky. Minerals The most important type of minerals of the Crimean Peninsula are iron ores, deposits of which are concentrated on the Kerch Peninsula. Sodium, magnesium, bromine, and calcium salts are extracted from the salt lakes of Crimea; there are also springs with mineral water of chloride-sulfate composition. Among non-metallic minerals, deposits of limestone, quartz sand, gypsum and clay are of great importance. In the Kara-Dag region there are ornamental stones: rock crystal, amethyst, citrine and others. Oil reserves in the Crimea are only 47 million tons, gas reserves are 165.3 billion cubic meters. m, which is a fairly significant indicator, and in addition there is 18.2 million tons of gas condensate. In total, there are 44 hydrocarbon deposits on the peninsula, including 10 oil, 27 gas and 7 gas condensate. In addition, there are 5 gas fields and 3 gas condensate fields on the Black Sea shelf, and 6 gas fields on the Azov shelf. The main areas of the IP: Indolo-Kuban oil and gas region, Black Sea-Crimean oil and gas region, Kerch iron ore basin. Natural recreational resources are of greatest importance: mild climate, warm sea, healing mud, mineral waters, picturesque landscapes. 53

54 Healthcare The history of Crimean healthcare goes back to antiquity. After a long break associated with barbarian invasions, Crimean medicine was revived at the end of the 13th century in the form of the hospital of St. John in Feodosia. The true heyday of Crimean medicine came in the second half of the 19th century, when the medicinal properties of the mud of Lake Saki, the climate of the foothill forests and the southern coast, curing tuberculosis, were discovered. With the rise in living standards, the frequency of epidemics decreased, and the plague left the Crimean shores. In recent times, it has been possible to sharply limit the spread of malaria; Crimea has become a comfortable and safe place to live, well provided with medical, preventive and sanatorium institutions. The beginning of the development of Crimea as a resort dates back to the second half of the 19th century. With the improvement of transport links, it has become easier for residents of the Central provinces of the Russian Empire to get to seaside resorts. At the turn of the century there was a boom in the construction of summer residences: dachas, villas and palaces. Preserved to this day, they are one of the characteristic features of Crimean cities. A new, massive stage in the history of Crimean tourism is associated with Lenin’s decrees; Crimea is becoming an “All-Union health resort”, receiving hundreds of thousands of tourists. After 1991, resort specialization changed dramatically; now beach and active recreation are preferred to sanatorium treatment. Unorganized tourists significantly outnumber vacationers in sanatoriums. 54

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57 The number of vacationers in Crimea in 1928 was 110 thousand, in 1938 270 thousand, in 1958 thousand, in 1970 million, in 1988 - 8, 3 million people in 2012 - 6, 1 million people in 2013 – 5.9 million people. in 2014 – 4.1 million people. (107 billion rubles) The average occupancy rate of operating sanatorium-resort and hotel institutions at the end of January in Crimea was 28%. Last year, during the same period, the occupancy rate of operating accommodation facilities was 19%. 57

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60 Best tourist routes The “Golden Ring “100 Wonders of Crimea” program dedicated to Vladimir Vysotsky won the nomination “best winter route”. During this trip, tourists can visit the sights of Simferopol, Alushta, Yalta, Bakhchisarai and Sevastopol. The best spring route was “Crimean sketches: around the Crimea in six days." The journey begins and ends in Simferopol, passes through Sevastopol, Yalta, along the southern coast of the peninsula, the Ayu-Dag, Chatyr-Dag, Demerdzhi mountains, then to Koktebel and Feodosia. Winner in the "Best" category "autumn route" has become a gastro-ethnographic tour "Kaleidoscope of Peoples and Cultures". As part of this program, tourists are offered to get acquainted with the peculiarities of Slavic, German, Greek, Armenian and Tatar culinary traditions, which are widespread on the territory of the peninsula. First place in the nomination "Best military The patriotic route dedicated to the 70th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War" was taken over by the program "Kerch - Hero City". 60

61 Golden Ring of the South of Russia “The developed routes included historical and cultural monuments, natural objects of the museum display of Mineralnye Vody, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Krasnodar, Sochi, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Kabardino-Balkaria, Kerch, Feodosia, Simferopol, Greater Yalta, Sevastopol, Balaklava, Bakhchisarai." The stated duration of the tours is from 6 to 14 days. 61

62 Swallow's Nest Castle Near the resort capital of Crimea, the famous Yalta, is located one of the most beautiful creations of architecture - the Swallow's Nest Castle. Back in the 19th century, after the end of the Russian-Turkish war, the lands of Cape Ai-Todor were donated to an unknown general, who took a fancy to the Aurora rock and decided to build the “Castle of Love” here. To whom such a romantic impulse was dedicated remains unknown, perhaps to the goddess of the “morning dawn” herself, because the dawn on the Aurora rock is the most delightful, unforgettable sight. Here, among the panorama of Yalta Bay, the amphitheater of mountains around it, Ayu-Dag is visible in the distance, the first glimpses of light color the horizon and the sea, first lilac, then pink, then fiery orange, then the sky turns blue and the sea surface is covered with golden reflections. The “Castle of Love” was depicted on the canvases of many artists of that time, including Aivazovsky, Lagorio, Bogolyubov. Then it was a small wooden building, but in 1912, according to the design of the architect Sherwood under the leadership of the German oil industrialist Baron von Stengel, the building appeared as we know it now - a Gothic castle in the style of the knightly era - Swallow's Nest. Now it is a kind of symbol of the South Coast, a symbol of Crimea, Source: 62 67 Artek “Artek” is an international children's center in Crimea. Located on the southern coast of Crimea in the village of Gurzuf. In the past, the most famous pioneer camp of the USSR and the calling card of the country's Pioneer organization. The camp was opened on June 16, 1925. Camp “Artek” consists of 10 children’s camps: six of them operate year-round: “Almazny”, “Yantarny”, “Khrustalny”, “Morskoy”, “Azure” and “Kiparisny”; four only in the season from May to October: “Rechnoy”, “Ozerny”, “Lesnoy” and “Polevoy”.

68 Industry of Crimea The oldest industry in Crimea is metallurgical, but currently there is only one metalworking enterprise left in the republic in the Kerch region and is engaged in the production of cast iron utensils and railway switches. Mechanical engineering in Crimea is one of the most developed industries. This primarily concerns shipbuilding; enterprises located in Kerch, Sevastopol and Feodosia produce tankers of various capacities and passenger hydrofoils. Together with metallurgy, mechanical engineering accounts for about 1/3 of the total industry of the republic. One of the main industries in Crimea is food, in which fruits and vegetables and canning are of greatest importance. There are fish processing factories in Kerch and Yalta, factories for the production of sunflower oil and processing of vegetables and seafood in Simferopol, and wineries in Yalta. Also in Crimea there are chemical industry enterprises, the Iodobrom plant, located in the city of Saki, as well as bromine and soda plants located in the city of Krasnoperekopsk. In the area of ​​the specialized port of Chernomorsk, natural gas and oil are produced, the annual volume of which (2011 data) is about 1.1 million cubic meters. m and 9 thousand tons, respectively. Electricity in the republic is mostly supplied from Ukraine, since its own power plants provide a little more than 10% of the required volume 68

69 Industry structure In the structure of industrial production, the leading place belongs to: the food industry (38.9%). This is followed by mechanical engineering and metalworking (33.5%), chemical industry (9.1%), building materials industry (4.4%) and other industries - 15.1%. 69

70 Crimean agriculture is based on grain production and livestock farming, horticulture, vegetable growing, viticulture, as well as the cultivation of essential and oilseed crops (rose, lavender, sage). Agricultural lands occupy about 65% of the territory of Crimea. They are dominated by arable land (more than 63%) and pastures (22.9%). In recent years, the area of ​​farmland has decreased due to extensive construction, erosion and soil salinization. The leading industry is crop production. The lion's share is occupied by the cultivation of grains (more than 45% of the sown area). However, this was not always the case: grain became the main crop for Crimea only from the middle of the 19th century. Until this moment, sheep farming was in the lead. But in the 19th century, railways were built, and grain became one of Russia's main export goods. In addition to grain, corn is grown in Crimea as a fodder crop, millet and rice, as well as industrial crops, mainly oilseeds (sunflower, soybeans and rapeseed). The production of essential oil crops – roses, lavender and sage – is of great value in Crimea. The total production of lavender and rose oils in Crimea exceeds half of the total production of these products in the CIS. Silk production is also a profitable industry. Horticulture is also developed in Crimea (apples, pears, plums, cherries, cherries and peaches). Strawberries are grown everywhere. The annual volume of fruit and berries harvested exceeds 300 thousand tons. In 2014, Crimea harvested 417 thousand tons of vegetables and almost 392 thousand tons of potatoes. The oldest industry in Crimea is viticulture. Crimea is famous for its technical grape varieties, which are used to produce high-quality wines, cognacs and juices. Crimea was the main region of Ukraine for grape production. Production volumes reach 300 thousand tons of grapes per year. There are 25.2 thousand hectares of vineyards growing on the peninsula

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73 Problems of regional development: Insufficient rational use of natural conditions and resources; Poor water supply to the Crimean peninsula; Contradictions in the location and development of heavy industry enterprises, in the formation of a large port economy, on the one hand, and the use of recreational resources, on the other; Pollution of the western Crimea leads to a weakening of the healing properties of Saki mud; Threatening ecological state of the Black and Azov seas and lake-Sivash Bay; The extraction of pebbles and limestone on the beaches negatively affects the natural features of the resorts of Crimea; Naval bases and air forces create a lot of noise pollution; Implementation of the program for the protection of cultural monuments of the Crimean Peninsula. 73

74 The Ministry for Crimean Affairs submitted to the government a package of five bills regulating the development of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol, as well as the creation of a free economic zone (FEZ) on their territory. Tax reductions are proposed for existing enterprises for all categories of taxpayers and for a permanent period. Primarily, benefits are offered to individual entrepreneurs, including those employed in the tourism sector. “For them, either tax holidays or reductions in patent rates are provided. The issue of the self-employed is being discussed separately with the Ministry of Finance.” All legal entities operating in Crimea will receive an income tax benefit due to increased transportation costs and loss of counterparties. Another benefit is intended for businesses in the agricultural sector: a reduction in the agricultural tax rate for five years. In general, for all enterprises operating in Crimea, the bill also provides for specific land use: land plots will be provided for investment projects with a special methodology for calculating rent. It will include indicators of the efficiency of use of the land plot, which will be monitored by the authorities of the republic. For foreign tourists, the bill provides for a simplified procedure for issuing visas: they will be issued directly upon entry into Crimea and Sevastopol for a period of up to 30 days. Local Crimean and Sevastopol banks that do not have branches outside their borders can receive another benefit. According to the bill, Crimea will have the status of a special economic zone until April 1, 2064. 74

75 karte.html karte.html Interactive map of Crimea Objects on the map Cave cities and monasteries Museums and galleries of Crimea Waterfalls of Crimea Embankments of Crimea Parks, gardens of Crimea Monuments and historical places Theaters, philharmonic societies of Crimea Palaces of Crimea Hotels of Crimea Restaurants, cafes, bars Estates, dachas, houses Film studios of Crimea Ports of Crimea Winemaking of Crimea Zoos and animal corners of Crimea Shrines, temples of Crimea Mountains, valleys, yayls, tracts Beaches of Crimea Nature reserves, sanctuaries Fortresses, isars, forts Streets and squares of cities in Crimea Bays, straits and bays of Crimea Places for recreation with children in Crimea Water parks Crimea Caves of Crimea Seas, rivers and lakes of Crimea 75

76 Photos of Crimea 76

77 Sources – Crimea D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC – Republic of Crimea D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A% D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC Report "Socio-economic situation in Russia" %D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%83 – Tourism in Crimea %D0%9A%D1% 80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1% Detailed tourist map of Crimea museums of Crimea Why is the peninsula called Crimea Why is the peninsula called Crimea 0%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%81%D0 %BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B 2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1% 8B%D0%BC%D0% B0 – Explorers of Crimea 0%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE %D0%B 2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0% B0