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About volcanoes for children why. Volcano

Klyushina Olga Nikolaevna
Job title: educator
Educational institution: MOU Child Development Center No. 10
Locality: Volgograd
Material name: methodical development
Subject:"The Wonderful World of the Volcano"
Publication date: 11.02.2017
Chapter: preschool education

Child Development Center No. 10

Klyushina

Olga

Nikolaevna

caregiver

higher qualification

Zotova

Olga Yurievna

caregiver

higher qualification

Volgograd 2017

Methodological support

"The Wonderful World of Volcanoes"
The didactic manual is a model of the prehistoric era, which includes:  Volcano  Habitats of terrestrial and marine representatives of flora and fauna. The content of the manual includes:  Research project  Lesson notes  Riddles  Poems  Conversations  Variants of games with a layout  Recommendations for parents  Interesting information about dinosaurs The manual is recommended for educators and parents to work with older preschool children. This manual can be used both in direct - educational activities:  Cognitive - research  Communicative  Productive  And in the free activities of a teacher with children. The developmental allowance is recommended for working with children, both individually and in a subgroup form.
Tasks:

 To acquaint children with a natural phenomenon: - A volcanic eruption - Its cause  To form children's ideas about the "epoch of dinosaurs", its inhabitants.  To develop children's experimentation, cognitive activity.  Develop mental processes: - Memory - Attention - Thinking - Imagination  Maintain interest in new sources of information.  Enrich children's vocabulary and develop coherent speech.  To cultivate the desire to delve into the connections and relationships existing in the world.
Municipal preschool educational institution

Child Development Center No. 10

Voroshilovsky district of the city of Volgograd

research project

"Erupting Volcano"

Volgograd

PROJECT PASSPORT:

Job title
"Erupting Volcano"
Project participants
Pupils of the senior group
Supervisor
Educators - Zotova Olga Yurievna, Klyushina Olga Nikolaevna
Objective of the project
The study of a natural phenomenon - a volcano.
Research objectives
To acquaint children with a natural phenomenon - a volcanic eruption, its cause; Activate the vocabulary of children: volcano, lava, crater, vent; To develop the cognitive activity of children in the process of independent implementation of the experiment; Encourage children to independently formulate conclusions based on the results of the experiment, based on previously received ideas and their own assumptions; To cultivate interest in cognitive research activities, purposefulness, perseverance, independence.
Object of study
Causes of the volcano, its eruption
Subject of study
Method for making an erupting volcano
Hypothesis

research
Volcano eruption can be created by yourself
Research methods
Observation, experiment, conversation
Project duration
A week

Research stages
1) Considering encyclopedias, books, pictures. 2) Putting forward a hypothesis. 3) Conducting the experiment. 4) Conclusions.
Materials for

holding

experiments
 Pallets,  Imunelle bottles,  cardboard,  plasticine,  soda,  water,  citric acid,  some red paint,  plastic spoons,  measuring cups.

Legend of the Volcano
“There lived a god named Vulcan. And he liked blacksmithing: to stand at the anvil, to beat iron with a heavy hammer, to fan the fire in the furnace. He built himself a forge inside a tall mountain. The mountain was right in the middle of the sea. When Vulcan worked with a hammer, the mountain trembled from top to bottom, and the roar and rumble carried far around. Hot stones, fire and ashes flew from a hole in the mountain top with a deafening roar. “The volcano is working,” people said with fear, and they went to live away from this place. Since then, people, all fire-breathing mountains have been called volcanoes.”
Description of research work
When looking at the encyclopedia, the children were interested in pictures depicting volcanoes, especially erupting ones. Children began to ask what it is, why it happens, whether it is dangerous. During the conversation, it turned out that the children were interested in this natural phenomenon, and I decided to tell the children about this in more detail using various illustrations of volcanoes and showing a multimedia presentation. As a result, the children noted that volcanic eruption is a very scary and dangerous phenomenon, but at the same time very beautiful and wanted to see the volcanic eruption live. After explaining to the children that for this we would have to travel very far and long by train, an alternative solution was proposed - to create a volcanic eruption on our own. The children became very interested in this and it was decided to conduct an experiment, which we called "Erupting Volcano".

Erupting Volcano Experience
For the experiment, we need baking soda (2 teaspoons), citric acid (2 tablespoons), some red paint, an Imunelle bottle, a cardboard cone with a cut top (about 7 cm high), some water (50 ml), plasticine, pallets, plastic spoons, measuring cups
Preparation:
make a model of a volcano (stick plasticine on a cardboard cone, put it on a bottle, fixing the neck with a plasticine cone) install a model of a volcano on a pallet,
Experiment progress:
pour two teaspoons of soda into the hole of the volcano. In a plastic cup, mix a little red paint with water until an intense color is formed. Pour 2 tablespoons of citric acid into the colored water and mix everything. Carefully pour the resulting solution into the mouth of the volcano.
What will happen:
soda and a tinted solution of citric acid will enter into a chemical reaction, and red foam will “erupt” from the mouth of the volcano.
Conclusion:
When soda is mixed with citric acid, bubbles appear, a chemical reaction occurs.
CONCLUSION:
After conducting this experiment, we saw how the volcano erupted. This means that we were able to independently create a natural phenomenon - a volcanic eruption.
Municipal preschool educational institution

Child Development Center №10

"Mysteries of Nature: Volcanoes"
Synopsis of direct educational activities
Compiled by:

higher

Klyushina Olga Nikolaevna

Volgograd 2017

Educational area
: cognition

Type:
integrated
Children's age:
5-6 years

experimentation
Forms of organization:
group
Tasks:
 To form ideas about volcanoes, the dangers they pose, and their benefits.  Encourage children to independently form conclusions based on the results of the experiment based on the early knowledge gained.  To cultivate interest in cognitive research activities, purposefulness, perseverance, independence.
Dictionary of new words
: mountain, volcano, crater, lava.
Preliminary work:
 GCD cycle "Mysteries of Nature" (stones, mountains)  Reading the children's encyclopedia "Everything about everything", the Great Encyclopedia "Why", looking at photographs, illustrations with various volcanoes. Conversations about volcanoes with facts.  Making a model of a volcano.
Material:
illustrations of volcanoes (electronic presentation), model of a volcano, mixture for eruption (soda, red paint, liquid soap, vinegar).

Lesson progress

TEACHER:
I will read you a riddle, and you try to guess what will be discussed today: I spit fire and lava, I am a dangerous giant! I am famous for the bad fame, What is my name? (Volcano) - That's right, today we'll talk about such a mysterious, mysterious, amazing and formidable natural phenomenon as a volcano. Guys, remember what a volcano is? (This is a large, steep-sided mountain that first emits smoke, then rocks, and then erupts lava.)
TEACHER:
That's right guys. You have already learned a little about volcanoes. And today I will tell you the legend of the volcano. “There lived a god named Vulcan. And he liked blacksmithing: to stand at the anvil, to beat iron with a heavy hammer, to fan the fire in the furnace. He built himself a forge inside a tall mountain. The mountain was right in the middle of the sea. When Vulcan worked with a hammer, the mountain trembled from top to bottom, and the roar and rumble carried far around. Hot stones, fire and ashes flew from a hole in the mountain top with a deafening roar. “The volcano is working,” people said with fear, and they went to live away from this place. Since then, people, all fire-breathing mountains have been called volcanoes.” - Here is an interesting legend about the origin of the name volcano. Now let's look at the volcano. (volcano layout) What shape is the volcano? (cone). At the very top of the volcano is a crater. The crater is a huge bowl with steep slopes, and at the bottom a hole that goes deep into the ground is the mouth of a volcano,
When volcanoes "sleep" they differ little from other mountains. But sometimes they “wake up” and then, a strong underground rumble begins, flames, ashes, hot stones, volcanic bombs burst out of their peaks. They are shrouded in smoke, explosions sound, and a real fiery stream - lava - flows along the slopes. Lava is molten, very hot rocks. Lava rises from underground along the vent of the volcano and ejection comes from the crater. The temperature inside the Earth is so high that the stones turn from solid to liquid. When pieces of lava harden, new stones are obtained.
(Loud music plays).
Guys, it seems our volcano (preliminary model of the volcano) is "coming to life", let's move away from the volcano. (The teacher carefully pours vinegar into the prepared mixture. Children watch the volcanic eruption) Volcanoes began to "volcano" - Spew lava from the mouth. Lava flowed down the slopes and burned the earth badly. Centuries later, the evil Volcano coughed up both ashes and cinders. The volcano is booming, the volcano is puffing! How ugly he looks now! But then he began to get tired - The fire in him began to fade. The last time he breathed fire And fell asleep for decades. Volcanoes erupt in different ways. Sometimes they seem to explode, throwing magma up and to the sides. A huge mountain is shaking from a terrible roar, a huge cloud of smoke and ash rises above it, stone rain showers the slopes. And it happens, it follows “calmly”. Interesting?! Do you want to do an experiment on your own, in the laboratory: a volcanic eruption? Professor All-Know will help us here too. He prepared a scheme for this experiment for us (the teacher explains the sequence of the experiment using the schemes)
And now let's go to the laboratory of "amazing discoveries". There we have everything ready for experiments.
Let's get a look:
- What will we make the base of the volcano from? (from the cone that we made in advance) - What will we make the mouth of the volcano from? You can insert an empty plastic jar inside the cone. We put it all on trays. Using the scheme of the experiment, we begin to work. - Pour a spoonful of soda. Adding red paint. 5 drops of washing liquid. And now attention! I have this liquid with a special sign. What does it mean? (you can’t use it yourself) this is vinegar, you can only pour it for an adult. I will add it myself when you have everything ready. The teacher adds vinegar to the prepared mixtures.
TEACHER:
What are you observing? Watch your volcano erupt. He ejaculates calmly. Well done guys, you were attentive, worked carefully and everything turned out great! Now you know what a volcano is and how it erupts? And now we will draw a volcano and fill in our young explorer folder on the topic “Mysteries of Nature: Volcanoes”. (Children draw, the teacher selects drawings suitable for filling out the “Young Explorer Folder.)
References:
1. Tugusheva G. P., Chistyakova A. E. Experimental activity of children of middle and senior preschool age: Methodological guide. - St. Petersburg: CHILDHOOD-PRESS, 2010. - 128p.

Municipal preschool educational institution

Child Development Center №10

Voroshilovsky district of Volgograd

"Eruption"

Synopsis of direct educational activities

Compiled by:

educator of higher

Zhorina Olga Yurievna;

Volgograd

Educational area:
knowledge
Integration of educational areas:
"Communication", "Security", "Artistic Creativity".
Type
: integrated
Children's age:
6-7 years old
Forms of direct educational activity:
experimentation
Forms of organization:
group
Tasks:
 To form ideas about the types of volcanoes, the dangers and benefits of volcanic eruptions; help children understand why volcanoes are a formidable natural phenomenon.  Activate the words in children's speech: hearth, magma, vent, crater, lava.  To introduce children to the profession of a volcanologist, the study of this phenomenon is the most important factor in understanding the structure of our Earth.  To develop the cognitive activity of children in the process of performing experiments.  Encourage children to independently form conclusions based on the results of the experiment, based on previously received ideas and their own proposals.  Raise interest in cognitive research activities, volitional qualities (purposefulness, perseverance, organization, independence).
Dictionary of new words
: earth's crust, fault or fissure, magma, mountain, volcano, crater, lava, vent, pumice, volcanologists.
Preliminary work:
 Reading the children's encyclopedia "Everything about everything" comp. O.I. Perfilyev.  Look at pictures of volcanoes.  Talk about the types of volcanoes.  Making a model of a volcano.
Material
: computer, pictures of volcanoes, a handful of black sand, a mixture for making a volcano eruption, sheets of paper, colored crayons.

Lesson progress

Vos-l:.
Guys, would you like to participate in magic today and become real wizards? Children: yes
Sun:
What do you think what will be discussed today?
Children:
About volcanoes.
Sun:
Guys who knows riddles about the volcano? “I spit fire and lava, I am a dangerous giant, I am famous for an evil reputation, What is my name? (Volcano) Snow mountain Above - a hole, Inside - heat! Sometimes it releases lava, It can't be controlled! (Volcano) What do you think a volcano is?
Children:
A mountain with a hole at the top through which magma pours out, smoke rises, and stones fly.
Sun
: That's right, it's a fire-breathing mountain, what does the mountain look like?
Children
: On a cone, on a triangle.

Sun:
What does a volcano erupt?
Children:
Hot lava pours out of a volcano. Gases, ash, hot stones are emitted into the atmosphere.
Sun:
Here, listen to the legend about the ancient god Vulcan. In ancient Greece, power over volcanoes belonged to a god named Hephaestus - fire. It was a strange god: ugly, lame. But he is very hardworking and strong. Hephaestus managed to subdue the fire. He was the first to forge weapons and make jewelry. And then he taught it to people. And if steam and fire appeared above the volcano, then Hephaestus set to work. The ancient Romans gave this god the name Vulcan. It also means fire. And his house was called a volcano.
Sun:
Guys, how do you think how a volcano is formed?
Children:
???
Sun:
Do you want to know how a volcano works? Let's go to

another part of our lab, and I'll tell you how a volcano forms.
Sun:
To understand the nature of volcanoes, you need to know the structure of the Earth well. The earth consists of several layers formed by different rocks. We live on the outer, thinnest layer, which is called the earth's crust. But the places where large plates are in contact with each other is called a fault or cracks. Here's a look at what happens during an eruption. Sometimes red-hot magma seeps through the faults to the outside. Magma escaping from a volcano is called lava. It flows out of the vent of the volcano in the form of a stream. At the beginning of the mountain, the stream has a very high temperature up to 1000 degrees. And quickly flows down the slopes of the mountain. But in the air, the lava cools and hardens, forming a volcanic mountain around the hole in the earth's crust. A
pieces of frozen lava are pumice. Pumice is a mineral used by man. What comes out of a volcano?
Children:
Ashes, stones fly out.
Sun:
That's right, volcanic ash looks like ordinary ash, if you look through a microscope, it becomes clearly visible that even glass is present there, formed at a high temperature. Huge gray clouds of ash are carried by the wind for long distances from the place of the eruption, and then it settles on the Earth in a thick layer. Connects to the ground and forms black sand. (Show black sand). Tell me, what are the names of people who study volcanoes? Children: ???
Sun:
That's right, volcanologists, but what are they for?
Children:
The study of volcanoes.
Sun:
Currently, scientists who study volcanoes sometimes manage to prevent volcanic eruptions. And the inhabitants can leave the city and be saved. What do you think is the right profession? Children: Yes.
Sun:
These people are also studying the structure of the earth, and what is happening inside under the earth's crust. Exploring and discovering new minerals. But their main task is to save people, their evacuation and warning.
Sun:
And now let's move on to the monitor and see what volcanoes are: What are volcanoes? Volcanoes are active - these are those that spew lava. Extinct - not spewing lava. Asleep - those that are extinguished, but can begin to act. Volcanoes during the eruption form a lot of ash, throw out a lot of volcanic stones.
There are volcanoes that explode so violently that they destroy themselves, leaving only a large crater in their place. What do you think, are volcanoes beneficial, and why do people not leave these places where there are volcanoes? Children: Volcanoes are beneficial, although it is dangerous to live near a volcano. There is fertile soil; Volcanic ash is an additional fertilizer for the soil. Conducting a physical activity.
Sun:
But today we are magicians, and we forgot about magic, but would you like to revive the volcano? And now let's make our own volcano. And first, let's remember how it all began. (slide show on the monitor).
Educator: R
fuck, our volcano is one of the dormant volcanoes. Now we will wake him up. Let's make lava. Pour in the mix and see what happens.
Sun:
I propose to go to our art gallery and remember what volcanoes are, and while you are looking at volcanoes, the girls will read a poem about a volcano. Volcanoes began to "volcano" - Spew lava from the vent. Lava flowed down the slopes And badly burned the Earth. Centuries later, the evil Volcano coughed up both ashes and cinders. The volcano is booming! The volcano is puffing! How ugly he looks now! But here he began to get tired -
The fire in him began to die out. The last time he breathed fire - And fell asleep for decades. Centuries will pass... And again the volcano will wake up, And the lava will flow from its interior. Would you like to draw your own volcanoes? And then we will consider them and you tell us which volcano turned out. Children draw volcanoes. The drawings are posted on the blackboard and the children briefly talk about their volcano.

Theme: "Dinosaurs and Volcanoes"

Tasks:
 Introduce children to the concept of "volcano"  Consolidate children's knowledge about the representatives of the prehistoric era, with their habitat.  To enrich children's vocabulary with new words: lava, eruption  To introduce children to knowledge about the historical past of the Earth. Guys, in the last lessons we learned how many unsolved mysteries our vast beautiful Earth keeps. Do you want to know another secret? Get ready, today we are going on a journey into the distant past of our Earth. For a very long time, huge animals lived on our earth, they were called dinosaurs. Their growth exceeded a multi-storey building, they were all very large animals. Each dinosaur was different. They needed a lot of space to move around, so they chose those places where there is a lot of greenery and water. But even at that distant time there were volcanoes, they look like huge mountains, but among them there were also “living volcanoes”, they were called that because from the very top they spewed huge lava. What is lava? What does she look like? Let's read about it in the encyclopedia. Lava is a mixture of magma and hard stones, (we look at illustrations and reason - lava is a very hot “fire porridge”) It flowed along the entire volcano, sweeping away huge stones, earth and destroying all vegetation around. It was dangerous for dinosaurs to be near such a volcano and they tried to get as far as possible from this huge fiery giant. Guys, what do you think, what color was the fiery lava during the volcanic eruption? Why? Why was it dangerous for dinosaurs and all vegetation around? And who among you knows what happened after the volcanic eruption? (children's answers) When the volcanic lava erupted completely, it gradually cools down, turning into stone blocks, the earth turns black and on it
a lot of ash. Over time, the ash is blown by the wind and the earth cools. For some time the volcano "falls asleep". Around him life is formed again. Plants and herbs appear, animals return. So, today we got acquainted with such an interesting phenomenon on earth - like a volcano! What were the volcanoes like? What volcanoes were called "living"? Why were they dangerous to animals? What happened to volcanoes after the eruption? (children's answers) This concludes our journey into the past of the Earth, I thank you for your attention.
Topic: "Globe - a model of the Earth"

Option number 1.

"Confusion"
Children examine the layout for 2-3 minutes, then close their eyes. The teacher swaps dinosaurs and marine life. Opening their eyes, children need to determine what is wrong.
Option number 2.

"Who is superfluous"
The teacher delivers to the dinosaurs one or two animals that do not belong to this era, for example: a cow, a giraffe. Offers to determine which animals are superfluous and why.
Option number 3.

"Guess the description"
The teacher invites one of the children to describe the marine life. The rest of the children guess who it is and find it on the layout.
Option number 4.

"Call it sweetly"
Children are invited to name a diminutive - affectionate form of the exhibition item. For example:  Volcano - volcano  Dinosaur - dinosaur
Option number 5.

"One is Many"
Exhibition items should be named in the singular, and then in the plural, as well as using the word "many". For example:  Volcano - volcanoes - many volcanoes  Tree - trees - many trees  Dinosaur - dinosaurs - many dinosaurs
Option number 6.

"What changed"
Children examine the layout for 2-3 minutes, then close their eyes. The teacher removes one of the items. Having opened their eyes, the children should name the object that is gone.
Option number 7.

"The Fourth Extra"
Items are on the table. For example:  Three dinosaurs and one marine animal;  One dinosaur and three trees, etc. Children need to find an extra item.
Option number 8.

"Left - right, top - bottom"
Children arrange objects on the layout as directed by the teacher, using verbal instructions. For example:  To the left of the volcano, put a tree  To the right of the volcano - dinosaur  At the top (at the top) put a pebble  At the bottom (at the foot) - bushes, etc.

Option number 9.
The teacher examines the layout with the children and gives the task to find information about volcanoes. Children, together with their parents, in the course of search activities, find information about volcanoes, their formation and share their knowledge in the course of a conversation.
We are the sons of the volcano, the crater rumbles beckoning. We must find out the Secrets of the god of fire. The slag is hot underfoot, The slag cone is steep, The bomb flies like a ball, The bombs smoke all around. The steps are heavy uphill, On the helmets of lappils hail, Stubborn, stubborn and angry, We climb straight into hell. Ashes in the eyes and in the mouth, Explosions, like the light of lightning, Black, like tar, sweat Dripping from our faces. Eater of sulfur dioxide, Clenching your teeth, hold on, life is given to us once, We put life at stake ....

Elena Romankevich
Volcanoes began to "vulcanize" - From the mouth of the lava spewing. Lava flowed down the slopes And badly burned the Earth. Centuries later, the evil Volcano coughed up both ashes and cinders. The volcano is booming! The volcano is puffing! How ugly he looks now! But then he began to get tired - The fire in him began to fade. The last time he breathed fire - And fell asleep for decades. Centuries will pass... And again the volcano will wake up, And the lava will flow from its interior.

The legend of the ancient god Hephaestus

(in Ancient Greece)
In ancient Greece, power over volcanoes belonged to a god named Hephaestus - fire. It was a strange god: ugly, lame. But he is very hardworking and strong. Hephaestus managed to subdue the fire. He was the first to forge weapons and make jewelry. And then he taught it to people. And if steam and fire appeared above the volcano, then Hephaestus set to work. The ancient Romans gave this god the name Vulcan. It also means fire. And his house was called a volcano.
Legend of the ancient god Vulcan

(in ancient Rome)
There lived a god named Vulcan. He liked blacksmithing: standing at the anvil, hitting iron with a heavy hammer, fanning the fire in the furnace. He built himself a forge inside a tall mountain. The mountain was right in the middle of the sea. When the volcano worked, the mountain trembled from top to bottom, and the roar and rumble carried far around. Hot stones, fire and ashes flew from the hole on the top of the mountain with a deafening roar. “The volcano is working,” people said with fear and went to live away from the mountain, so that their homes would not be burned by fire, their gardens and fields would not be covered with ashes. Since then, all fire-breathing mountains have been called volcanoes.

Volcanoes
1. Tell your child the legend about the ancient god Vulcan (in Dr. Rome) or Hephaestus (in Dr. Greece): In Ancient Greece, power over volcanoes belonged to a god named Hephaestus - fire. It was a strange god: ugly, lame. But he is very hardworking and strong. Hephaestus managed to subdue the fire. He was the first to forge weapons and make jewelry. And then he taught it to people. And if steam and fire appeared above the volcano, then Hephaestus set to work. The ancient Romans gave this god the name Vulcan. It also means fire. And his house was called a volcano.
or
There lived a god named Vulcan. He liked blacksmithing: standing at the anvil, hitting iron with a heavy hammer, fanning the fire in the furnace. He built himself a forge inside a tall mountain. The mountain was right in the middle of the sea. When the volcano worked, the mountain trembled from top to bottom, and the roar and rumble carried far around. Hot stones, fire and ashes flew from the hole on the top of the mountain with a deafening roar. “The volcano is working,” people said with fear and went to live away from the mountain, so that their homes would not be burned by fire, their gardens and fields would not be covered with ashes. Since then, all fire-breathing mountains have been called volcanoes.
Tasks:
1. Look at pictures of volcanoes with your child. Please note that it looks like an ordinary mountain, but inside it there is a very hot liquid - magma, and while magma lives in its house, the volcano
is considered to be dormant, and this is the same mountain only with magma, fire, smoke erupting from it - this is an active volcano. Look at the shape of the volcano, what does it look like? (on a cone, a pyramid). What does the top look like? (on a large hole, a funnel is called a crater) Watch the presentation Fire-breathing mountains depositfilesfiles/19ciup3u2 2. Read a poem about volcanoes: Volcanoes began to "volcano" - Spew lava from the vent. Lava flowed down the slopes And badly burned the Earth. Centuries later, the evil Volcano coughed up both ashes and cinders. The volcano is booming! The volcano is puffing! How ugly he looks now! But then he began to get tired - The fire in him began to fade. The last time he breathed fire - And fell asleep for decades. Centuries will pass... And again the volcano will wake up, And the lava will flow from its interior. 3. Make a volcano with your child 1. Take paper, scissors, tape, compass, ruler 2. Cut out a large circle 3. Cut in half 4. Fasten the edges of the segment to make a cone 5. From a paper cylinder (you can use the base from paper towels or foil) make a volcano vent and fix it to the surface (cardboard, candy box, etc.) 6. Put the cone on the cylinder, fix it 7. Paste the entire structure with adhesive tape (paper) and cover with glue 8. Sprinkle with multi-colored sand, cereals
9. Color the volcano 10. Eruption: 1 tsp. soda, a little red dry paint and 5 drops of washing liquid, 5 drops of vinegar. We cut off the upper part from a plastic bottle, insert it into a regular cap - we got the bottom. You can use any jar, the main thing then is to give it a conical shape. 2. We cover the surface of our "mountain" with plasticine. The hole turns into a crater. 3. In order for the volcano to erupt, we added soda, red gouache dissolved in water (for the color of lava) and a few drops of detergent into the container. Now add vinegar. The volcano has awakened!
4.Tell me that different volcanoes erupt in different ways. Sometimes they seem to explode, throwing magma up and to the sides. A huge mountain is shaking from a terrible roar, a huge column of smoke and ash rises above it, stone rain sprinkles the slopes of the mountains. And it happens that lava flows out "calmly". We have many volcanoes in our country. Almost all of them are located in the Far East, Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands. 5. Try to find with your child on the map where volcanoes are located in our country and in the world, what color they are indicated. 6. Look at photos of different volcanoes and read interesting facts about them 10 most dangerous volcanoes on the planet – geo-cafeReviews/Articles/review350.php All about volcanoes - vulkanyinteresnie_fakti.html Interesting facts about volcanoes – katya.gorod.tomskindex-1163550018.php Volcanoes in South and North America - geo-cafeReviews/Articles/review154.php 7.Explain to your child why a volcano erupts at all using experience: Inflate and lightly squeeze the balloon in your fist, continue to inflate. The balloon will inflate between your fingers. The same thing happens with magma, when mountains are pressed down from above, and magma with gases rises up. As a result, an explosion occurs. 8. Explore volcanic rocks with your child: Material: a bowl of water, rocks, and a piece of pumice stone. Examine carefully the stones and pumice. Compare them with each other: in pumice
a lot of holes. Ask the baby what he thinks, are the holes empty or is there something in them? (air hid in the holes, so pumice is lighter than ordinary stone). Offer to dip a piece of pumice stone into a bowl of water. Are there bubbles? Does pumice float or sink? Why? The child makes a discovery: pumice is a stone with many holes in which air accumulates. Pumice does not sink, but floats on the surface of the water. How volcanoes form To understand the nature of volcanoes, you need to know the structure of the Earth. The earth consists of several layers formed by different rocks. We
We live on the outer, thinnest layer, which is called the earth's crust. The bark is so thin, as if a sticker was stuck on a ball (imagine it was the Earth), or rather a lot of stickers next to each other. After all, the crust consists of about 20 large and small plates, which are called tectonic. The plates seem to float on the surface of a viscous, pasty molten substance called magma. The word magma is translated from Greek as dough or paste. The places where the largest plates touch each other are called faults. Most of the active volcanoes are concentrated on the boundaries of these plates. The most active zone on Earth is called the Ring of Fire and it is located on the edges of the Pacific Ocean. There are many mountains and islands in these places, which were formed on the site of ancient volcanoes.
What happens during an eruption?
Sometimes red-hot magma seeps through the faults to the outside. If a powerful flow of magma is blocked by the rocks of the earth's crust, the pressure of the outward magma increases. When it gets too big, magma breaks through the crust. Then a volcanic eruption occurs, accompanied by a powerful ejection of magma, ash, gases and pieces of rocks. Magma erupting from a volcano is called lava. It flows out of the vent of the volcano in the form of a stream. At the beginning, the lava flow has a temperature of 1000 degrees and flows along the slopes of the volcano
at speeds up to 50 kilometers per hour. But in the air, the lava cools and hardens, forming a volcanic mountain around the hole in the earth's crust. Pieces of frozen lava - pumice. There are air bubbles inside this stone. This is because the lava boiled and seethed, and then froze like that. Volcanic ash looks like ordinary ash, but if you look at it under a microscope, you can clearly see that these are fragments of volcanic glass. The eruption ejects ash to a very high altitude, sometimes even several kilometers. Huge gray clouds of ash are carried by the wind for long distances from the place of the eruption, and then they settle on the Earth in a thick layer. Volcanic gases are hot gases. During the eruption, their temperature reaches 800-1000 degrees. Hot heavy gases rush down the slope of the volcano at a speed of over 300 kilometers per hour, destroying trees, houses and people. The composition of volcanic gases includes water vapor, carbon dioxide and gases containing sulfur, ammonia and chlorine.
What are volcanoes?
Volcanic eruptions occur in different ways. The nature of the eruption depends on many factors - mainly the viscosity of the magma and the amount of volcanic gases. There are volcanoes - they are called Shield - they are predictable, rarely accompanied by explosions. Lava constantly erupts to the surface. Other volcanoes - Stratovolcanoes - are the highest. During the eruption, a lot of ash, stones, lava is formed. The most terrible volcanoes of the Caldera - these volcanoes explode so much that they destroy themselves, and only a large funnel remains in their place.
What harm do volcanoes do?
There are more than a thousand volcanoes on our planet. Most of them went out, and. seemingly forever. But they only sleep and can wake up every minute. Some volcanoes wake up very rarely. Once every 100 or even 1000 years. There are volcanoes that do not even think of pretending to be asleep, they smoke without ceasing. Every ten minutes, stones, ash, steam and lava flow out of them. One of the most powerful eruptions on Earth occurred in 1883. The Krakatoa volcano has erupted in Indonesia. The voice of the volcano resounded
thousands of kilometers. From air explosions went air waves of such force that they circled the globe three times. Stones flew into the air to a height of 55 kilometers. Waves up to 40 meters rose in the sea. The volcano spat out so much ash that a cloud covered the sun, and then black mud rained down from the sky. This cloud of dust circled the entire planet. Twilight fell on the whole earth for a time. Nothing can hold back a volcano. Cities, islands and even countries perish under the ash and lava. Currently, scientists who study volcanoes sometimes manage to predict the eruption in advance and residents can leave cities and escape. But when the volcano Vesuvius, which had been dormant for many centuries, woke up, there were no seismologists yet, and the trouble took people by surprise. Residents sought shelter in houses, tried to escape, but no one managed to escape. When the eruption ended, it turned out that the flourishing cities had completely disappeared from the face of the earth. Almost seventeen centuries had passed when the remains of dead cities were accidentally discovered under a layer of compressed volcanic ash. Excavations have begun. Almost the entire city of Pompeii was cleared of ashes. Houses with household items, temples, monuments appeared before the astonished archaeologists. Everything remained as it was on the day when Vesuvius woke up. A terrible tragedy that happened in the distant past made a huge impression on the Russian artist Karl Bryullov, who depicted it on his canvas The Last Day of Pompeii.
Are volcanoes useful?
A volcanic eruption is a catastrophe for people. Every year, 10,000 eruptions occur on Earth, of which about 150 are very strong. Cities are destroyed, people are dying. However, there are also benefits from volcanoes for people. They form the rocks that make up the earth's crust. Volcanoes, like elevators, raise many useful substances to the surface. Therefore, the soil around them is very fertile. Medicines, fertilizers, and water purifiers are made from volcanic dust. Houses are built from hardened lava. Volcanoes also deliver carbon, nitrogen and other gases from the earth's interior, without which life on Earth is impossible.

Volcanism -
a combination of processes and phenomena that are associated with the movement of magma in the mantle and the earth's crust and its outpouring to the surface.
Crater
- (from the Greek krater - bowl) a cup-shaped or funnel-shaped depression on the top or slope of a volcanic cone; at its bottom there are one or several vents, the diameter varies from several tens
meters to two or more kilometers.
vent
- (from the Indo-Hebrew ger - large) - a vertical or almost vertical part of the supply channel connecting the volcano source with the earth's surface, through which magma rises.
The focus of the volcano
- a place of accumulation of magma, located in the depths of the volcano, at the upper boundary of the mantle.
Magma
- (from Greek magma - mess, thick ointment) - natural, most often silicate, fiery-liquid melt that occurs in the earth's crust or in the upper mantle, at great depths, and when cooled, forms igneous rocks.
volcano mouth
- a vertical and inclined channel connecting the magma chamber and the crater, through which magma rises to the surface.
lava-(
from Italian.lava - wash off) - magma poured onto the surface. It differs from magma in the absence of gases. Temperature 750-1250°. The flow rate is 300-500m/h. Products of volcanic eruptions: gases, water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, volcanic ash, volcanic ash.
1. A complex process in which magma rises from the bowels of the earth and, breaking through the earth's crust, pours out to the surface? (Volcanism) 2. What is lava? (Magma erupted onto the surface) 3. What is a volcano crater? (A depression located on top of a volcano) 4. What is a vent? (A channel through which magma rises) 5. What are the products of volcanic eruptions? (Gases, water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, volcanic ash, rock particles - volcanic bombs) 6. Types of volcanoes? (active, asleep, extinct)
What is paleontology?

This is a science that studies the fossil remains of organisms that have disappeared from the face of the Earth. It is divided into paleobotany (fossil plants), paleozoology (fossil animals), paleoecology (living conditions of extinct organisms).
How do we learn about the structure of dinosaurs?
On the basis of fossil remains, paleontologists restore the structure of the animal's body. By reconstructing the skeleton of a dinosaur, one can imagine how it looked, moved, and ate.
What does the word "dinosaur" mean?
The term comes from the Greek "deinos" meaning "terrible" and has indeed been attributed to extinct reptiles. They were so huge that they could not be compared with other known animals. Dinosaurs are extinct animals that make up a large superorder of the class of reptiles that lived on Earth from 225 to 65 million years ago. The superorder of dinosaurs belongs to the subclass of archosaurs and is divided into orders of lizards (Sauriscia) and ornithischians (Ornithischia)
What is a dinosaur?
This is an egg-laying reptile (reptile), the structure of the skull is similar to crocodiles and lizards. Dinosaurs could walk, run, jump (sometimes only on their hind legs). It is possible that, unlike the reptiles known today, some dinosaurs were warm-blooded, like birds and mammals.
Who is a predator?
This is the name of an animal that preys on other animals to feed itself. To overtake and break prey, the predator must be bold and strong, have sharp fangs and sharpened claws. Sometimes the color of the coat masks the predator, which allows him to remain invisible and take the victim by surprise.

Who are scavenger dinosaurs?
These are animals that ate dead animals or that other predators did not eat. Scientists think Tyrannosaurus was a scavenger.
Who are herbivores?
These are animals that feed exclusively on plant foods: leaves, grass, fruits and tree branches. For example: these are diplodocus and hadrosaurs.
Did dinosaurs take care of their babies?
Found nests prove that dinosaurs took care of their offspring. The cubs lived in the nest with their parents until a certain age. The most devoted parents were Hadrosaurs, Diplodocus, Camapasaurus, Cerators.

The Tale of the Dinosaur
A long time ago, many millions of years before our era, the world of dinosaurs reigned on Earth. They lived in large and small families or alone. Once in a large family of hadrosaurs, it happened that the daughter of the leader, Emma, ​​met a beautiful, intelligent and strong hadrosaur named Nick. Emma and Nick immediately fell in love with each other. Soon they played a wedding, and a year later they had a cub. Emma and Nick came up with a name for him for a long time, but they couldn’t come up with anything. And so lived the hadrosauric without a name. He grew up, but could not do anything, was weak, clumsy and ugly. Therefore, the relatives called him the Unlucky. All dinosaurs had a custom - one-year-old cubs were considered adults and driven into adult independent life. The time has come to drive Neumekha into an independent life. Only Emma broke this custom and did not drive her son away. Another year passed, the mother again could not drive her son away. As time went on... Clumsy was three years old. He had no friends at all, only his mother and father remained with him. Then Neumekha thought about his life. He understood that his mother was upset because of him. Hadrosaurus made the decision to run away from his family and live on his own. The next day, at night, while his parents were sleeping, he left them. Waking up in the morning, Emma and Nick did not see their son. Emma began to sob, and Nick calmed her down, saying that their son would be found. Long days of waiting dragged on... A year has passed, and the Unskillful has still not been found. Another year and a half has gone by. Summer has come. Emma had already completely lost hope that her son would return. Once Nick went hunting. While hunting, he saw a strong and beautiful hadrosaur. Nick approached him, greeted him and asked him his name and where he came from. Hadrosaur said: "My name is Neumecha, I am your son." Nick was surprised, at first he did not believe that this was his son. After all, Neumekha was weak, clumsy and ugly. And now the father saw in front of him a large and intelligent hadrosaur. Then Nick asked: "If you are my son, then tell me when did you disappear?" The clumsy replied: “I disappeared at night when you were sleeping. It happened two and a half years ago." The hadrosaur father had no doubt that this was his son. Both were very happy to meet. The hunt continued together. The clumsy told his father about everything that had happened to him during those two and a half years. And a lot happened ... The clumsy went through many difficulties, at first it was very scary for him to live alone, on his own. I had to learn a lot: to get food for myself, to defend myself from enemies, to be friends with my relatives, to equip my home. But gradually he learned everything. And it turned out that being independent is even interesting. Feeling stupid
an adult, confident, experienced and wise hadrosaur. So in vain his parents felt sorry for him and were afraid for him. After the hunt, they headed home. Approaching the cave, they saw that they were met by Emma. The mother noticed a large hadrosaur next to her husband. She immediately recognized her son, because a mother's heart always feels a loved one. Emma and Clumsy rushed to each other, hugged, there was no limit to their happiness. Since then, Neumekha began to help his parents: he brought them food, protected them from strangers, and never again went far from them. This is how a weak and ugly hadrosaurus turned into a beautiful, smart and strong hadrosaur. Everyone loved him and gave him another name - Umeha.

Long ago, many millions of years before our era, a cub was born in one family of pterodactyls. They named him Mark. The little pterodactyl was no different from his peers. Karl grew up. He learned to get food, to defend himself from enemies, but he could not fly. Time passed, the days flew by quickly, and Mark never learned to fly. All his relatives laughed at him, joked all the time, saying: "What a clumsy one was born." Only his faithful friend James remained with Mark. Pterodactyl Mark had a hard time, because he is one of a kind who could not fly. In the evening, at sunset, he liked to sit on a large stone, raise his head up and watch his brothers soar in the air. One morning, while the tribe of pterodactyls was sleeping, they were attacked by a detachment of strong Archeopteryx. The whole tribe began to fight, only Mark was hiding in the bushes. The pterodactyls fought courageously, they won, but the evil Archeopteryx captured Mark's best friend, James. The tribe noticed that Mark was hiding in the bushes. Kindred decided to expel him from their tribe. “Go away,” they shouted menacingly to Mark, “you are a coward!” And they themselves went in search of James. The unfortunate Mark went to seek refuge. He wandered through the caves for a long time, but was chased away from everywhere. And suddenly he came across a large dark cave. He looked at her from the outside for a long time, then went inside and saw his faithful friend James. James was covered in wounds, he could not even get up from the stone on which he lay. I could only get up and said: "Mark, run away quickly." Mark realized that he needed to run away! Without thinking twice, Mark grabbed James, put him on his back and ran. Mark knew they might get caught, but this was a chance to save his best friend. Archeopteryxes noticed how a prisoner was being stolen from them and rushed after the pterodactyls. Mark completely ran out of strength to run, but he did not give up, he ran because of all his strength. He was chased down. Ahead was a waterfall, and Mark had no choice but to jump into it. Jump ... And Mark flew down ... Horror seized him. But after a few moments, he suddenly realized that he was floating in the air. He was so glad that he had learned to fly, although it was too early to relax. He flew, spreading his wings, and slowly flew away from the chase. And then, finally, he completely disappeared from her. Mark landed on a rock, laid James on the gentle slope. Having rested a little, Mark flew off in search of his tribe, but could not find his relatives in any way. Suddenly I heard a noise, saw that someone was fighting and hurried there. His tribe fought the Archeopteryx. Mark joined the fight too. They fought for a long time, but still the pterodactyls were able to win. The whole tribe rejoiced at the victory. Mark was accepted back for his courage and bravery. He said, "I found James, hurry up, he needs our help!" Pterodactyls
went after James, took him away, laid him in a cave, began to fuss around him. Now James was safe. And Mark told how he saved James, how he learned to fly and how he found his tribe again. All relatives listened to him with great interest.

Volcanoes for kids

For kids about volcanoes...

Making and studying the volcano...

Tell the child about how a volcano is formed, how an eruption occurs, when boiling magmalava (a mixture of molten rocks and gases) rushes up, finds holes in the earth's crust and comes out through them, a volcano erupts.

Have a visual experience together. Make a volcano, a volcano can be made in many ways, for example: a volcano on the beach or in a sandbox, you will need soda + vinegar.

1. From the sand, make a slide, put a jar of baby food, or a small plastic bottle inside the slide. In which you previously poured a mixture of vinegar and red food coloring (or red gouache to simulate lava) at home. Take soda with you in a small container (for example, from a kinder surprise), ask your child to pour the contents into the “vent of the volcano”. You can do the opposite, first pour soda and then pour in vinegar. Watch together as the eruption takes place. If the volcano has stopped erupting, add some ordinary water to it and it will start its eruption again!




2. The volcano can be made from clay, plasticine, or papier mache. It’s very easy to do, we take a small bottle, I also wrap it with foil to save clay and glue everything with plasticine or clay, don’t really try to make the volcano smooth, the more cracks, the more natural it will look, let it dry, the volcano is ready. Inside, as in the first method, we will add soda + vinegar with dye.
Then add some water and your volcano will erupt again with renewed vigor!


Such a volcano can be made from clay or plasticine, here are some photos for inspiration

Can you make a papier mache volcano?
You will need pva glue, a bottle and newspapers, generously coat each layer with glue, they made an airplane

After drying

it remains only to paint

Can make a small panoramic model in a box

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3. Another way is, once in the water, they hiss, bubbling, with their help you can not only arrange an eruption, but also tell the child about geysers. You can make these bombs yourself, there are many recipes on the Internet. The main components of such bombs are citric acid and ordinary soda, the ratio should be 1:2. , that is, two parts of soda and one part of citric acid. On sale, by the way, there are ready-made kits for making bombs yourself. And from the finished mixture for bombs, you can also mold a volcano, add some water to it drop by drop (for example, from a pipette or use a syringe without a needle) and your volcano will seethe (erupt).


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4. 4. Quite a risky way, but interesting, this is Coca Cola (it has acid in it) + menthol candy mentos. If you decide to try this method to show your child, practice first or watch a video on YouTube, there are many of these on request mentos + coca cola.


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5. And finally, there are ready-made sets with volcanoes on sale, everything is already prepared there, there are even special glasses, not so much for a practical purpose, but so that the child realizes the importance of the moment :) For example

A report about volcanoes, geological formations on the surface of the crust, in which magma comes to the surface and forms volcanic gases, lava, stones.

Message about volcanoes

What is a volcano?

From the Latin word "volcano" means fire, flame. In the bowels of the Earth, under the influence of high temperatures, rocks are melted with magmatic formation. During this process, a large amount of gaseous substances are released. The volume of the melt and the pressure on solid rocks increase significantly. Magma begins to move towards areas of lower pressure up to the surface. Cracks in the earth's crust begin to fill with mountain liquid rocks, and, bursting, raise entire layers of the crust.

Magma can partially lag, forming laccoliths and magma veins. Another part during volcanic eruptions comes to the surface in the form of volcanic ash, lava, gases, rock fragments and lava ingots.

Types of volcanoes

These geological formations are of 2 types:

  • Fissure

They do not rise above the surface of the Earth high enough. Fissure volcanoes are fissures from which magma flows to the surface. But there are very few of them on the planet.

  • Central

They are a cone of great height, from which magma and lava come out during eruptions. Such a volcano has a vent (magma flows through it) and craters (a hole from which magma comes to the surface).

Volcanoes are also divided into extinct, active and dormant. Dormant volcanoes do not erupt at the moment, although local earthquakes constantly occur under them. And extinct means that there is no volcanic activity.

How many volcanoes are on Earth?

There are 1500 volcanoes on the planet, both active and extinct. The most famous of them are Klyuchevskaya Sopka (Kamchatka), Elbrus (Caucasus), Kilimanjaro (Africa), Fujiyama (Japan).

Most of them are located along the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean. They form the so-called "ring of fire". The most active volcanic zone is the Mediterranean-Indonesian belt. The eruption of volcanoes is carried out according to a certain pattern - their placement in seismic areas, mobile areas.

  • The largest volcano on the planet is Mauna Loa. It occupies almost the entire part of the Hawaiian island and is the most active.

Famous volcanic eruptions in history: interesting facts

  • (Italy). The eruption occurred on August 24, 79. It destroyed the city of Pompeii, covering it with an 8 m layer of dust, as well as Herculaneum and Stabiae. Ashes of Vesuvius flew to Syria and Egypt. Today it is the only active volcano in Europe. In total, more than 80 eruptions have been recorded. The last one was in 1944.
  • Tambora (Sumbawa Island). The eruption occurred on April 5, 1815. In modern history, this is the largest eruption in terms of the volume of ejected material and the number of deaths. He completely destroyed the Tambora culture, which Europeans had discovered shortly before. The volcano erupted for 10 days and decreased by 1400 m in height. It covered an area of ​​500 km with ashes, and for 3 days the sun did not show through it.
  • Volcano Taupo (New Zealand). The eruption occurred 27 thousand years ago, and scientists consider it the most powerful in the history of the planet. As a result of his vigorous activity, Lake Taupo was formed. The volcano last erupted in 180 AD. e. Its blast wave and ash destroyed half of the North Island. 100 km 3 of tectonic matter was thrown into the atmosphere.
  • Volcano Krakatau (Indonesia). The eruption occurred on August 27, 1883. It caused a 30-meter tsunami that washed away 295 towns and villages. Pieces of lava flew to a height of 55 km. Ashes covered an area of ​​5330 km. The blast wave circled the planet up to 11 times. The Krakatoa explosion was 200,000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima explosion. Scientists suggest that he previously woke up in 535 and from his activities, the islands of Sumatra and Java may have formed. After the eruption of 1883, the Krakatoa volcano collapsed. And in its place in 1927 a new active volcano appeared - Anak Krakatoa.
  • Volcano Santorini (Greece). The eruption occurred 1.5 thousand years BC. And it destroyed the Cretan civilization, and also contributed to the sinking of the island of Thera. This is not his only eruption. In 1886, for a whole year, he spewed pieces of lava directly from the sea to a height of 500 meters.
  • Volcano Montagne Pele (Martinique). The eruption began in April 1902. Already on May 8, he covered the city with dust, located in an 8-kilometer zone from him. Near Martinique, the seabed sank a couple of hundred meters.
  • Volcano Nevado del Ruiz (Colombia). The eruption began on November 13, 1985, and in just 10 minutes the city of Armero with a population of 29,000 people was destroyed.
  • Mount Pinatubo (Philippines). For a long 622 years, it was considered extinct. But on June 12, 1991, he destroyed 18 km of territory along himself. The consequence of such a catastrophe is a decrease in temperature and a decrease in the ozone layer, which contributed to the formation of a large ozone hole.
  • Volcano Katmai (Alaska). Its eruption on June 6, 1912 was the largest in the history of the twentieth century.

We hope that the report about volcanoes for children helped you prepare for the lesson. And you can leave your message about volcanoes through the comment form below.

On August 24, 79, people looked in horror at their patron and could not understand: why did they anger the gods so much. How did it happen that their protector suddenly began to spew fire that spread across the ground and destroyed everything in its path? The inhabitants of Pompeii already knew: unexpectedly for everyone, a volcano woke up. What is it, what are volcanoes and why do they suddenly wake up, we will consider today in this article.

What is a volcano?

A volcano is a kind of formation on the surface of the earth's crust, which from time to time is capable of spewing pyroclastic flows (a mixture of ash, gas and stones), volcanic gases, and also lava. It is in zones of volcanic activity that opportunities for the use of geothermal energy open up.

Types of volcanoes

Scientists have adopted a classification of volcanoes into active, dormant and extinct.

  1. Volcanoes that erupt during a historical period of time are called active volcanoes. It is thanks to them that one can understand what a volcano is and the mechanisms that make it work, because direct observation of the process provides much more information than the most thorough excavations.
  2. Sleeping volcanoes are called, which are currently not active, however, there is a high probability of their awakening.
  3. Extinct volcanoes include those that were active in the past, but today the probability of their eruption is equal to zero.

What shape are volcanoes?

If you ask a schoolboy what shape a volcano has, he will undoubtedly say that it looks like a mountain. And he will be right. The volcano really has the shape of a cone, which formed during its eruption.

The volcanic cone has a vent - this is a kind of outlet channel through which lava rises during an eruption. Quite often there is more than one such channel. It may have several branches that serve to bring volcanic gases to the surface. The crater always ends in a crater. It is into it that all materials are thrown during the eruption. An interesting fact is that the mouth is open only during the active period of the volcano. The rest of the time it is closed, until the next manifestation of activity.

The time during which a volcanic cone formed is individual. Basically, it depends on how much material the volcano throws out during its eruption. Some take 10,000 years to do so, while others can form it in a single eruption.

Sometimes the opposite happens as well. During an eruption, the volcanic cone collapses, and a large depression, the caldera, forms in its place. The depth of such a depression is at least one kilometer, and the diameter can reach 16 km.

Why do volcanoes erupt?

What is a volcano, we figured it out, but why does it erupt?

As you know, our planet does not consist of a single piece of stone. It has its own structure. Above - a thin solid "shell", which scientists call the lithosphere. Its thickness is only 1% of the radius of the globe. In practice, this means between 80 and 20 kilometers, depending on whether it is land or the bottom of the oceans.

Beneath the lithosphere is the mantle layer. Its temperature is so high that the mantle is constantly in a liquid, or rather viscous, state. In the center is the solid core of the earth.

As a result of the fact that the lithospheric plates are in constant motion, magma chambers can arise. When they break out to the surface of the earth's crust, a volcanic eruption begins.

What is magma?

Here, perhaps, it is necessary to explain what magma is and what chambers it can form.

Being in constant motion (albeit invisible to the naked eye of a person), lithospheric plates can collide or crawl into each other. Most often, the plates, the dimensions of which are larger, "win" those whose thickness is less. Therefore, the latter are forced to sink into the boiling mantle, the temperature of which can reach several thousand degrees. Naturally, at this temperature, the plate begins to melt. This molten rock with gases and water vapor is called magma. In its structure, it is more liquid than the mantle, and also lighter.

How does a volcano erupt?

Due to the named features of the magma structure, it begins to slowly rise and accumulate in places called foci. Most often, such foci are places of a break in the earth's crust.

Gradually, magma occupies all the free space of the hearth and, in the absence of another way out, begins to rise along cracks in the earth's crust. If magma finds a weak point, it does not miss the opportunity to break out to the surface. At the same time, thin sections of the earth's crust break through. This is how a volcano erupts.

Locations of volcanic activity

So what places on the planet, given volcanic activity, can be considered the most dangerous? Where are the most dangerous volcanoes in the world located? Let's figure it out...

  1. Merapi (Indonesia). It is the largest volcano in Indonesia and also the most active. He does not let the locals forget about him even for one day, constantly releasing smoke from his crater. At the same time, small eruptions occur every two years. But large ones do not have to wait long: they happen every 7-8 years.
  2. If you want to know where the volcanoes are, you should probably take a trip to Japan. This is truly a "paradise" of volcanic activity. Take, for example, Sakurajima. Since 1955, this volcano has been a constant concern for the locals. Its activity does not even think of decreasing, and the last major eruption occurred not so long ago - in 2009. A hundred years ago, the volcano had its own island, but thanks to the lava that he spewed out of himself, he managed to connect with the Osumi Peninsula.
  3. Aso. And Japan again. This country is constantly suffering from volcanic activity, and the Aso volcano is proof of this. In 2011, an ash cloud appeared over it, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich was more than 100 kilometers. Since that time, scientists have been constantly recording tremors, which can only indicate one thing: the Aso volcano is ready for a new eruption.
  4. Etna. This is the largest volcano in Italy, which is interesting in that it has not only the main crater, but also many small ones located along its slope. In addition, Etna is distinguished by enviable activity - small eruptions occur every two to three months. It must be said that the Sicilians have long been accustomed to such a neighborhood, and are not afraid to populate the slopes.
  5. Vesuvius. The legendary volcano is almost half the size of its Italian brother, but this does not prevent him from setting many of his own records. Vesuvius, for example, is the volcano that destroyed Pompeii. However, this is not the only city that has suffered from his activity. According to scientists, Vesuvius destroyed cities that were not lucky enough to be close to its slopes more than 80 times. The last major eruption happened in 1944.

Which volcano on the planet can be called the highest?

There are quite a few record holders among these volcanoes. But what can bear the title "The highest volcano on the planet"?

Keep in mind: when we say "highest", we do not mean the height of the volcano above the surrounding area. This is the absolute height above sea level.

So, scientists call the Chilean Ojos del Salado the highest active volcano in the world. For a long time he was referred to as sleeping. This status of the Chilean allowed the Argentinean Lullaillaco to bear the title of "The Highest Volcano in the World". However, in 1993, Ojos del Salado produced an ash ejection. After that, he was carefully examined by scientists who managed to find fumaroles (outlets of steam and gas) in his mouth. Thus, the Chilean changed his status, and, without knowing it, brought relief to many schoolchildren and teachers, for whom it is not always easy to pronounce the name Llullaillaco.

For the sake of justice, it must be said that Ojos del Salado does not have a high volcanic cone. It rises above the surface only 2000 meters. While the relative height of the Lullaillaco volcano is almost 2.5 kilometers. However, it is not for us to argue with scientists.

The Truth About Yellowstone Volcano

You cannot boast that you know what a volcano is if you have never heard of Yellowstone, which is located in the USA. What do we know about him?

First of all, Yellowstone is not a high volcano, but for some reason it is called a supervolcano. What is the matter here? And why was it possible to discover Yellowstone only in the 60s of the last century, and even then with the help of satellites?

The fact is that the cone of Yellowstone collapsed after its eruption, resulting in the formation of a caldera. Given its gigantic size (150 km), it is no wonder that people could not see it from Earth. But the collapse of the crater does not mean that the volcano can be reclassified as dormant.

There is still a huge magma chamber under the Yellowstone crater. According to the calculations of scientists, its temperature exceeds 800 ° C. Thanks to this, many thermal springs have formed in Yellowstone, and, in addition, jets of steam, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide constantly come out to the surface of the earth.

Not much is known about the eruptions of this volcano. Scientists believe that there were only three of them: 2.1 million, 1.27 million and 640 thousand years ago. Given the frequency of eruptions, we can conclude that we may witness the following. I must say that if this really happens, the Earth will face the next Ice Age.

What troubles do volcanoes bring?

Even if you do not take into account the fact that Yellowstone can suddenly wake up, the eruptions that other volcanoes in the world can prepare for us cannot be called harmless either. They lead to huge destruction, especially if the eruption happened suddenly and there was no time to warn or evacuate the population.

The danger is not only lava, which can destroy everything in its path and cause fires. Do not forget about the poisonous gases that spread over vast areas. In addition, the eruption is accompanied by ash emissions, which can cover vast areas.

What to do if the volcano "comes to life"?

So, if you were at the wrong time and in the wrong place when the volcano suddenly woke up, what to do in such a situation?

First of all, you need to know that the speed of the lava is not that great, only 40 km / h, so it is quite possible to run away, or rather, leave it. This must be done in the shortest way, that is, perpendicular to its movement. If this is not possible for some reason, you need to seek shelter on a hill. It is necessary to take into account the likelihood of a fire, therefore, if possible, it is necessary to clean the shelter from ash and incandescent debris.

In open areas, a body of water can save you, although much depends on its depth and the force with which the volcano erupts. The photos that were taken after the eruption show that a person is often defenseless in front of such a powerful force.

If you were among the lucky ones, and your house survived the eruption, be prepared to spend at least a week there.

And most importantly, do not trust those who say that "this volcano has been sleeping for thousands of years." As practice shows, any volcano can wake up (photos of the destruction confirm this), but there is not always someone to tell about it.

Geography for the little ones.
Volcanoes.
1. Tell the child the legend about the ancient god Vulcan (in Dr. Rome) or Hephaestus (in Dr. Greece):

In ancient Greece, power over volcanoes belonged to a god named Hephaestus - fire. It was a strange god: ugly, lame. But he is very hardworking and strong. Hephaestus managed to subdue the fire. He was the first to forge weapons and make jewelry. And then he taught it to people. And if steam and fire appeared above the volcano, then Hephaestus set to work. The ancient Romans gave this god the name Vulcan. It also means fire. And his house was called a volcano.

There lived a god named Vulcan. He liked blacksmithing: standing at the anvil, hitting iron with a heavy hammer, fanning the fire in the furnace. He built himself a forge inside a tall mountain. The mountain was right in the middle of the sea. When the volcano worked, the mountain trembled from top to bottom, and the roar and rumble carried far around. Hot stones, fire and ashes flew from the hole on the top of the mountain with a deafening roar. “The volcano is working,” people said with fear and went to live away from the mountain, so that their homes would not be burned by fire, their gardens and fields would not be covered with ashes. Since then, all fire-breathing mountains have been called volcanoes.

Exercise:
 Look at pictures of volcanoes with your child. Please note that it looks like an ordinary mountain, but inside it there is a very hot liquid - magma, and while magma lives in its house, the volcano is considered dormant, and this is the same mountain only with magma erupting from it, fire, smoke - this is an active volcano. Look at the shape of the volcano, what does it look like? (on a cone, a pyramid). What does the top look like? (to a large hole, a funnel is called a crater)
Watch the Fire Breathing Mountains presentation http://depositfiles.com/files/19ciup3u2

2. Read a poem about volcanoes:
Volcanoes began to "vulcanize" -
Spewing lava from the vent.
Lava flowed down the slopes
And the earth was severely burned.
Centuries later coughed evil
Volcano and ash and ash.
The volcano is booming! The volcano is puffing!
How ugly he looks now!
But here he began to get tired -
The fire in him began to die out.
The last time I breathed fire -
And fell asleep for decades.
Centuries will pass...
And the volcano will wake up again
And lava will pour from its insides.

3. Make a volcano with your child
1. Take paper, scissors, tape, compasses, ruler
2.Cut out a large circle
3. Cut in half
4. Fasten the edges of the segment to make a cone
5. From a paper cylinder (you can use the base from paper towels or foil), make a volcano vent and fix it to the surface (cardboard, candy box, etc.)
6. Put the cone on the cylinder, fasten
7. Paste the entire structure with adhesive tape (paper) and cover with glue
8. Sprinkle with multi-colored sand, cereals
9. Color the volcano
10. Eruption: 1 tsp soda, a little red dry paint and 5 drops of washing liquid, 5 drops of vinegar.
There is another option for creating a volcano http://subscribe.ru/archive/home.child.toy/200711/30134924.html

4.Tell me that different volcanoes erupt in different ways. Sometimes they seem to explode, throwing magma up and to the sides. A huge mountain is shaking from a terrible roar, a huge column of smoke and ash rises above it, stone rain sprinkles the slopes of the mountains. And it happens that lava flows out "calmly". We have many volcanoes in our country. Almost all of them are located in the Far East, Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands.
Exercise:
Try to find with your child on the map where volcanoes are located in our country and in the world, what color they are indicated.
View photos of different volcanoes and read interesting facts about them
o 10 most dangerous volcanoes on the planet - http://www.geo-cafe.ru/Reviews/Articles/review350.php
o Interesting facts about volcanoes - http://katya.gorod.tomsk.ru/index-1163550018.php
o Walk on the volcanoes of South and North America - http://www.geo-cafe.ru/Reviews/Articles/review154.php

5. Explain to the baby why a volcano erupts at all with the help of experience:
Inflate and lightly squeeze the balloon in your fist, continue to inflate. The balloon will inflate between your fingers. The same thing happens with magma, when mountains are pressed down from above, and magma with gases rises up. As a result, an explosion occurs.
6. Explore stones of volcanic origin with your child:
Material: a bowl of water, stones and a piece of pumice stone.
Examine carefully the stones and pumice. Compare them with each other: there are a lot of holes in pumice. Ask the baby what he thinks, are the holes empty or is there something in them? (air hid in the holes, so pumice is lighter than ordinary stone). Offer to dip a piece of pumice stone into a bowl of water. Are there bubbles? Does pumice float or sink? Why? The child makes a discovery: pumice is a stone with many holes in which air accumulates. Pumice does not sink, but floats on the surface of the water.

Information for moms:
How Volcanoes Form
To understand the nature of volcanoes, you need to know the structure of the Earth. The earth consists of several layers formed by different rocks. We live on the outer, thinnest layer, which is called the earth's crust. The bark is so thin, as if a sticker was stuck on a ball (imagine it was the Earth), or rather a lot of stickers next to each other. After all, the crust consists of about 20 large and small plates, which are called tectonic. The plates seem to float on the surface of a viscous, pasty molten substance called magma. The word magma is translated from Greek as dough or paste.
The places where the largest plates touch each other are called faults. Most of the active volcanoes are concentrated on the boundaries of these plates. The most active zone on Earth is called the Ring of Fire and it is located on the edges of the Pacific Ocean. There are many mountains and islands in these places, which were formed on the site of ancient volcanoes.

What happens during an eruption
Sometimes red-hot magma seeps through the faults to the outside. If a powerful flow of magma is blocked by the rocks of the earth's crust, the pressure of the outward magma increases. When it gets too big, magma breaks through the crust. Then a volcanic eruption occurs, accompanied by a powerful ejection of magma, ash, gases and pieces of rocks.
Magma erupting from a volcano is called lava. It flows out of the vent of the volcano in the form of a stream. At the beginning, the lava flow has a temperature of 1000 degrees and flows along the slopes of the volcano at a speed of up to 50 kilometers per hour. But in the air, the lava cools and hardens, forming a volcanic mountain around the hole in the earth's crust. Pieces of frozen lava - pumice. There are air bubbles inside this stone. This is because the lava boiled and seethed, and then froze like that.
Volcanic ash looks like ordinary ash, but if you look at it under a microscope, you can clearly see that these are fragments of volcanic glass. The eruption ejects ash to a very high altitude, sometimes even several kilometers. Huge gray clouds of ash are carried by the wind for long distances from the place of the eruption, and then they settle on the Earth in a thick layer.
Volcanic gases are hot gases. During the eruption, their temperature reaches 800-1000 degrees. Hot heavy gases rush down the slope of the volcano at a speed of over 300 kilometers per hour, destroying trees, houses and people. The composition of volcanic gases includes water vapor, carbon dioxide and gases containing sulfur, ammonia and chlorine.

What are volcanoes
Volcanic eruptions occur in different ways. The nature of the eruption depends on many factors - mainly the viscosity of the magma and the amount of volcanic gases.
There are volcanoes - they are called Shield - they are predictable, rarely accompanied by explosions. Lava constantly erupts to the surface.
Other volcanoes - Stratovolcanoes - are the highest. During the eruption, a lot of ash, stones, lava is formed.
The most terrible volcanoes of the Caldera - these volcanoes explode so much that they destroy themselves, and only a large funnel remains in their place.

What harm do volcanoes do?
There are more than a thousand volcanoes on our planet. Most of them went out, and. seemingly forever. But they only sleep and can wake up every minute. Some volcanoes wake up very rarely. Once every 100 or even 1000 years. There are volcanoes that do not even think of pretending to be asleep, they smoke without ceasing. Every ten minutes, stones, ash, steam and lava flow out of them.
One of the most powerful eruptions on Earth occurred in 1883. The Krakatoa volcano has erupted in Indonesia. The voice of the volcano spread over thousands of kilometers. From air explosions went air waves of such force that they circled the globe three times. Stones flew into the air to a height of 55 kilometers. Waves up to 40 meters rose in the sea. The volcano spat out so much ash that a cloud covered the sun, and then black mud rained down from the sky. This cloud of dust circled the entire planet. Twilight fell on the whole earth for a time. Nothing can hold back a volcano. Cities, islands and even countries perish under the ash and lava.
Currently, scientists who study volcanoes sometimes manage to predict the eruption in advance and residents can leave cities and escape. But when the volcano Vesuvius, which had been dormant for many centuries, woke up, there were no seismologists yet, and the trouble took people by surprise. Residents sought shelter in houses, tried to escape, but no one managed to escape. When the eruption ended, it turned out that the flourishing cities had completely disappeared from the face of the earth. Almost seventeen centuries had passed when the remains of dead cities were accidentally discovered under a layer of compressed volcanic ash. Excavations have begun. Almost the entire city of Pompeii was cleared of ashes. Houses with household items, temples, monuments appeared before the astonished archaeologists. Everything remained as it was on the day when Vesuvius woke up.
A terrible tragedy that happened in the distant past made a huge impression on the Russian artist Karl Bryullov, who depicted it on his canvas The Last Day of Pompeii.

Are volcanoes useful?
A volcanic eruption is a catastrophe for people. Every year, 10,000 eruptions occur on Earth, of which about 150 are very strong. Cities are destroyed, people are dying. However, there are also benefits from volcanoes for people. They form the rocks that make up the earth's crust. Volcanoes, like elevators, raise many useful substances to the surface. Therefore, the soil around them is very fertile. Medicines, fertilizers, and water purifiers are made from volcanic dust. Houses are built from hardened lava. Volcanoes also deliver carbon, nitrogen and other gases from the earth's interior, without which life on Earth is impossible.