Pereslavl-Zalessky is an ancient town in the Yaroslavl region. “My City Year of foundation Pereslavl Zalessky

“There is a lost world in Russia,
That lives not for words, not for glory,
What is lost, like Kitezh, by people -
This is a city in the forests - Pereslavl.
(Natalya Martishina)

Pereslavl-Zalessky is an ancient Russian city located in the very center of Russia, 140 km. from Moscow. This is the second after Sergiev Posad tourist point of the Golden Ring on the Moscow-Kholmogory federal highway leading from the capital to the White Sea. Pereslavl and its environs keep many wonderful monuments of antiquity of the XII-XIX centuries and "places of memory" associated with important historical events and famous personalities.

I love this cute cozy town so much that in my own ranking of the ancient cities of Russia, it is firmly in the top three, and perhaps even takes first place in it. It pulls here again and again, and especially pulls when you just left it.

Entering Pereslavl, 4 km. from the city limits, we see the chapel "Cross" (Fedorovskaya). At this very place in the 16th century, while on a trip to the holy places, the wife of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarina Anastasia Romanova, gave birth to Tsarevich Fedor. Fedor became the last king of the fading Rurik dynasty. In honor of his birth, Ivan the Terrible ordered a thank-you cross, which was later replaced by a stone chapel.

By the way, there were three Pereslavl in Rus'. "To win glory" meant - "to win". Back in Kievan Rus in the 10th century, a certain youth defeated the Pecheneg hero in single combat, "took over his glory", and in honor of this feat the city of Pereyaslavl-Yuzhny, now the city of Khmelnitsky, was founded. In 1095, the second Pereyaslavl, Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky, arose, now this city is called Ryazan. And only the third Pereyaslavl, after the letter "I" dropped out of the name of the city in the 15th century, is our Pereslavl-Zalessky.

Pereslavl-Zalessky is the same age as Moscow. It was founded by Prince Yury Dolgoruky in 1152 in Zalesye, an area separated from the southern Russian steppes by dense forests. Under Dolgoruky and his closest descendants, Pereslavl was a powerful fortress that closed the capital cities of Vladimir and Suzdal from the Volga Bulgars and the Smolensk and Novgorod rats during the princely strife.

The city experienced its dawn in the 13th century, when it turned out to be the center of a specific principality. The first Prince of Pereslavl was Yaroslav, the son of the Grand Duke of Vladimir Vsevolod the Big Nest. Under him, the city turned into a major political and cultural center of North-Eastern Rus'. Below we see a defensive earthen rampart that surrounded the city center.

Yaroslav's son Alexander Nevsky became famous for his victories over the Swedes on the Neva River in 1240 and over the Teutonic Knights on Lake Peipsi (Battle on the Ice). In the 16th century, he was canonized as a common Russian saint. His son Dmitry in 1276 became the Grand Duke of Vladimir and made Pereslavl the actual capital of the Vladimir-Suzdal land.

His son Ivan Dmitrievich was the last prince of Pereslavl. He died childless in 1302, and his inheritance went to his uncle, the son of Alexander Nevsky Daniel, the first Moscow prince, after whom Moscow gradually became the main princely center. But in order to keep Pereslavl in their power, the Moscow princes were forced to accept the title of Prince of Pereslavsky for another 160 years. This ritual disappeared only after Dmitry Donskoy.

During the period of the Tatar yoke, Pereslavl was completely ruined and burned to the ground six times. In 1374, an important event took place in the city that preceded the Battle of Kulikovo - a congress of Russian princes took place here, the reason for which was the baptism of Dmitry Donskoy's son Yuri. The ceremony was conducted by the Abbot of the Russian Land - St. Sergius of Radonezh. At this congress, an important decision was made to fight the Mongols.

In the 15th and 16th centuries, Pereslavl became a major craft and trade center of Muscovite Rus'. The sovereign's falconers and fishermen played a special role. The fishermen who delivered their catch to the Moscow Kremlin lived along the banks of the mouth of the Trubezh River. This place in the city is still called Rybnaya Sloboda. We see the mouth of the river in the photo below.

The Pereslavl great road that crossed the city in two was called Yamskaya in pre-Petrine Russia. The largest settlement of coachmen here was called Yam, and consisted of about 70 households. We see this road in the very center of the city in the photo.

Here, on hunting and pilgrimage, Vasily III and Ivan the Terrible repeatedly visited. After the ruin of the Time of Troubles, the city was almost entirely rebuilt. At the end of the 17th century, Pereslavl was destined to become the cradle of the Russian navy. Young Peter I built his first, "amusing" flotilla here.

It is best to start acquaintance with the city from the place where it originated, from Red Square (formerly Cathedral Square), with its city ramparts, the Transfiguration Cathedral of the 12th century and other ancient monuments. Pereslavl-Zalessky was founded on a cape formed by the Trubezh River and the Murmash River. From the south and west, the city skirted the artificial ditch Groblya.

Pereslavl was the largest of the fortresses built by Yuri Dolgoruky. Only later it was surpassed by the fortifications of the new capital of North-Eastern Rus' - Vladimir. The earthen rampart of the 12th century, which has survived to this day, reaches a circumference of 2.5 km, its height is about 10, and its width is 6 m. Of course, we walked around its perimeter.

Near the ramparts rises the oldest temple of Pereslavl - the Transfiguration Cathedral, built in 1152-1157. This is the earliest surviving monument of pre-Mongolian Vladimir-Suzdal architecture.

This is a small, 21 meters high, fortress temple, intended for the needs of the princely court and the garrison of the fortress city. This is what determined its austere monumental appearance, with little or no decorative trim.

To the left of the cathedral, near the city rampart, in the 13th century stood the palace of the Pereslavl princes. According to legend, here, in 1220, the Russian national hero, Prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky, was born. Now, presumably at this place, we see such a wooden structure.

But, alas, there is no exact data. The memorial plaque hangs not on a wooden house, but on a cathedral, and does not indicate the exact location. It can be understood that the great commander was probably born somewhere here, probably somewhere nearby, most likely nearby.

In 1958, in memory of the great countryman, a bronze bust of Alexander Nevsky by sculptor S.M. The bust and the cathedral are symbols of the city of Pereslavl-Zalessky.

Not far from the cathedral, on a place called the "sovereign's court" rises one of the most beautiful and oldest churches in the city - the hipped church of Peter the Metropolitan. It was built in honor of Peter, Metropolitan of Vladimir, who was accused by the Tver clergy of selling church positions. Peter was acquitted, became an associate of Ivan Kalita and was later canonized as a Russian saint. The shape of the temple resembles the Ascension Church in Kolomenskoye in Moscow.

The surviving part of the architectural ensemble of the Vladimir-Sretensky Novodevichy Convent adjoins Red Square. Here we see two temples - Vladimirsky Cathedral and the Church of St. Alexander Nevsky.

The construction of twin temples similar in architecture is a tradition of the Yaroslavl school of architecture of the 17th-18th centuries. In the 1990s, divine services were restored in both churches.

From the monastery, some of the buildings of which were destroyed in the 1930s, a fragment of the fence remained. Now there is a small market selling all kinds of souvenirs.

Nearby there is a bridge over the Trubezh River, beyond which the old part of the city continues. We find ourselves on Rostovskaya Street, along which tomorrow morning we will go further, to Rostov the Great, and then even further - to our beloved city of Yaroslavl.

The city has several churches built in the "provincial baroque" style of the 18th century. They are characterized by red-brick walls and elaborate decoration of architraves and cornices. It is especially graceful at the Simeonovskaya Church, decorated with charming heads of cherubs. This church is located right next to the bridge.

And if you look into the courtyards, in front of which, unlike Moscow, there are no bars with combination locks, you can see typical Russia at the beginning of perestroika, which was so angry then, and which looks so exotic now.

The Trubezh River divides the city into two parts. Last year, the bridge over it was closed for repairs, and it was terribly inconvenient - in order to see another part of Pereslavl, we had to make a huge detour along the perimeter of the city in order to return almost to the same point at a distance of twenty meters, and spend almost hour.

One of the most picturesque corners of Pereslavl is the place where the Trubezh River flows into Lake Pleshcheyevo. At the very mouth, on a small promontory, there is another baroque church - the Church of the Forty Martyrs. In the summer, the temple is very beautifully reflected in the water surface.

To everyone who goes to Pereslavl, I strongly advise you to bypass the city center along an earthen rampart. From it everything is perfectly visible, and you will not miss the main sights. Only this should be done in dry weather, otherwise there is a risk of getting smeared, there is no asphalt or tiles on the shaft, and there are a lot of people upstairs.

Most of the houses in the old part of the city are wooden or semi-wooden. Living in them is probably bad, but admiring them from the outside is a pleasure. There are almost no migrant workers from the southern lands in the city, because the townspeople themselves willingly take on any job, and you cannot arrange air trade here, since the population simply does not have money.

More modern quarters of the city still look old. They are very nice, they do not at all correspond to the spirit of evil bustling megacities, and here you just relax your soul. Here, in Pereslavl-Zalessky, I suddenly had some kind of forgotten feeling, as if I was not surviving, but really living.

This city has an incredible number of museums, mostly small, domestic ones, but still I have never seen so many museums in such a small area. All of them are quite interesting. Here in this Museum of gramophones and records we were not. It is not located in the city itself, but on the shore of the lake, a few kilometers from the center.

The Radio Museum is nearby. We weren't in it either.

The Iron Museum is very interesting, in which irons are collected almost from the time of Yuri Dolgoruky to the present day. The museum is private and also very interesting, but we have not been to it either.

We just didn't time it. It never occurred to me that such a small town contains so many interesting things. We planned to study it in half a day and move further north, but those one and a half days of constant movement that we devoted to it were too little.

But still, we managed to go to the main museums of the city, and there will be separate topics about them. The most important is the Goritsky Monastery, which we pass on the way to the hotel. Perhaps this is the only museum in the city that cannot be missed.

And there is also the Dendrological Museum, there is the Berendey House, there are houses-museums of famous people ... And we have not been to them. But we visited the museum of the cradle of the Russian fleet "Peter's Boat", but about it in the next topic. We found it by accident, in such a bright restaurant literally opposite the museum, otherwise we would have passed by.

For the night we stayed at a hotel next to this museum of the same name on the very shore of Lake Pleshcheyevo. Some of the inconvenience of this hotel was fully paid off by the view of the lake. The hostess, looking at me and our car (Moscow rooms), said that a double room would cost 1800, but if we want personal amenities and a TV, then 2500. I agreed to the second.

Already in the room, when we tried to turn on the TV, we failed completely. On closer examination, I discovered the complete absence of any antenna whatsoever. To my angry question to the hostess, why the TV does not work, she reasonably answered, they say, but he never worked, but he is in the room, what claims? The shower was the same, the latest system, the water was not regulated, and I was first scalded and then stiff. But this is all nonsense compared to the views of Lake Pleshcheyevo.

I am a simple person, but sometimes I am drawn to lofty thoughts. All of us, people, are a small particle of God, His spark. In rare moments, in rare places, such places of the Force, we suddenly feel it, and we merge with the world, become its part, the hands of God on earth, and from the heart and from the palms it seems like a ray of such power beats that it is he who illuminates these clouds. There is no death, no pain and disease, nothing at all, except for This, of which we are a small part.

Pereslavl-Zalessky is a city in the Yaroslavl region, located 140 kilometers from Moscow, on the M8 Kholmogory highway Moscow - Arkhangelsk, on the shores of Lake Pleshcheyevo, at the confluence of the Trubezh River. Center of the Pleshcheyevo Lake National Park. The kilometer sign "140 km" is located in the city center at the turn from Svoboda Street to Rostovskaya Street. Terminal railway station on the freight line from Berendeevo (Moscow-Yaroslavl line).

The city is part of the Golden Ring of Russia.

Story

The city was founded in 1152 by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky as Pereyaslavl.

The name was given in honor of the more ancient city - Pereyaslavl-Russian (today's Pereyaslavl-Khmelnitsky in Ukraine). In turn, the latter was founded and named so by Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich.

Founded by Yuri Dolgoruky, the city was located behind the forests in Zalesye - an area of ​​\u200b\u200bfields and agriculture; therefore, an additional definition was added to the name of the city: Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. Since the 15th century, the pronunciation has changed to Pereslavl-Zalessky.

Around 1220, Prince Alexander Nevsky was born in Pereyaslavl.

In the years 1276-1294 (with a break), Dmitry Alexandrovich Pereyaslavsky, the son of Alexander Nevsky, who reigned in Pereyaslavl, was the Grand Duke of Vladimir, although his residence was still in Pereyaslavl. Thus, at this time, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky was the actual capital of northeastern Rus'. In 1302, after the death of Prince Ivan Dmitrievich, the city, according to his will, went to the Moscow principality. Grand Duke Andrei Alexandrovich tried to annex Pereyaslavl to his possessions, but the letter of the Horde Khan in 1303 confirmed the rights of the Moscow princes. In 1304, near Pereyaslavl, the united Moscow-Pereyaslav army completely defeated the Tver detachment that besieged the city under the command of the boyar Akinf.

In 1238 (after a five-day siege), 1252, 1281, 1282, 1294 (the city was burned down by Yaroslavl Prince Fyodor Cherny), 1382, 1408 and 1419 the city was taken and plundered by the Horde. In 1372, the city settlement was burned down by the raid of Prince Keistut. Starting from 1302, it was ruled by Moscow governors, and sometimes it was given out for feeding to alien princes. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Pereyaslavl was the patrimony of the princes of Moscow and was obliged to deliver fish to the court, which was reflected in the coat of arms of the city. This fish - Pereslavl vendace - is a delicacy subspecies with a special taste that lives only in Lake Pleshcheyevo, is currently listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Yaroslavl region.

In the autumn of 1374, the Moscow prince Dmitry Ivanovich organized a meeting of Russian princes and boyars in Pereyaslavl, at which for the first time they discussed the issue of delivering the country from the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

In 1608 the fortress was destroyed by the Polish-Lithuanian invaders. The city suffered greatly during the Time of Troubles.

In 1688, Tsar Peter I on Lake Pleshcheyevo began the construction of a funny flotilla, which was the beginning of the Russian military fleet. In 1692, the construction of the flotilla was completed and a solemn review was held.

In 1708 the city was assigned to the Moscow province. Since 1719 - the center of the Pereslavl province of the Moscow province. Since 1778 - the county town of the Vladimir governorship, and then the province. Since 1929 - the center of the Pereslavl district of the Ivanovo industrial region. Since 1936, as part of the Yaroslavl region.

In 1884, a water pipe was built in the city.

From 1872 to 1917 the City Duma was in charge of the city. In 1994 it was recreated.

Attractions

Monuments of church architecture: five architectural complexes of monasteries and nine churches (For more details, see the Religion section).

On the territory of the Goritsky Assumption Monastery of Pereslavl-Zalessky, located at the entrance to the city from Moscow, there is a bust of the founder of the city, Yuri Dolgoruky, by Sergei Orlov (1949). The bust was cast in bronze by G. Savinsky in 1950. The bust, in fact, is a sketch of the monument to Yuri Dolgoruky in Moscow, whose design competition Sergei Orlov won in 1946.

In the center of Pereslavl, the city rampart surrounding the historical center of the city has been preserved. Rybnaya Sloboda stretches along the Trubezh River.

Museums and exhibitions:

• Pereslavl-Zalessky Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve
• Museum-estate "Boat of Peter I" (since 1803, the first provincial museum in Russia), where the boat "Fortune" has been preserved
• Pereslavl Dendrological Garden
• iron museum
• Museum "House of the teapot"
• Steam Locomotive Museum
• Museum of cunning and ingenuity
• Teapot Museum
• Craft Museum
• Center for the Preservation and Development of Folk Traditions "Berendey's House"

2 km northwest of the city is the archaeological site "Kleshchinskiy complex", the center of the complex is the ancient city of Kleshchin, from which ramparts of the 12th century have been preserved. The object of worship of the pagans has been preserved - the Blue Stone, a huge boulder of dark blue color weighing 12 tons. A few kilometers from Pereslavl-Zalessky, in the village of Talitsy, there is the Pereslavl Railway Museum.

There are six monasteries in the city, four are active:

• Goritsky Monastery (closed in 1744, museum)
• Nikitsky monastery
• Nikolsky Monastery
• Sretensky Novodevichy Convent (closed in 1764)
• Holy Trinity Danilov Monastery
• Feodorovsky Monastery

In the XVIII-XIX centuries it was the center of the Pereslavl diocese. Later, the Pereslavl Theological School worked in the city.

There are nine churches in the city, of which the notable ones are:

• Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral of the 12th century, the oldest architectural monument of North-Eastern Rus';
• tent church of Peter the Metropolitan (1585).

Pereslavl-Zalessky- city in Yaroslavl region, still retaining the attractiveness and charm of the ancient city Rus'. Numerous monastic and church buildings, as well as Lake Pleshcheyevo National Park form a valuable core of the route "Gold ring of Russia".

History of the city of Pereslavl-Zalessky

Pereslavl-Zalessky was founded in 1152 the year of the prince Yuri Dolgoruky, which for 5 years before founded Moscow. As you know, nicknames are not given just like that, and a nickname "long-armed", obviously, also for good reason. Long or, in other words, long arms can tell a lot about their owner. Apparently, the son of the Kyiv prince Vladimir Monomakh Yuri loved to stretch out his hands to everything he saw. He really wanted to rule Kyiv, like his father, but, unfortunately, he was not the eldest son, and he had to be content with principalities in the central part of modern Russia. He regularly tried to take the throne of Kiev by force, and sometimes he succeeded, but soon he lost it again - those who wanted to reign in Kyiv there has always been more than enough (as it is now 😉).

Between trips to Kyiv Yuri Dolgoruky formed defensive fortresses in the most favorable places for this. This is how cities came into being. Moscow, Yuryev-Polsky, Dmitrov, well, and of course, the culprit of our today "tea drinking" — Pereslavl-Zalessky.

Free advice:

Being in the very center Russia, close to Moscow, Pereslavl-Zalessky, of course, actively participated in the life of our unstable and at all times cheerful state. In the era of the so-called feudal fragmentation, when the principalities Rus' lived on their own, and even actively fought among themselves, Pereslavl acted in partnership with Moscow. And in the dark times of the Mongol yoke, precisely in Pereslavl a congress of boyars and princes was held, at which a fundamental decision was made on the beginning of the liberation Rus' from the tenacious grip of a hated enemy. This event was a turning point in the life of our state.

Another important one for Rus' event took place in 1220 year. IN Pereslavl-Zalessky was born Alexander Nevskiy. Then, of course, he had nothing to do with this city, but what the Pereslavl land gave Rus' such a person already means a lot.

Sights of Pereslavl-Zalessky

Main Attractions Pereslavl-Zalessky are, of course, five monasteries, which in ancient times attracted Orthodox pilgrims, among whom were Russian tsars. The most famous among them are Ivan groznyj, Boris Godunov And Peter the First. After Petra the accents in the Russian state have shifted slightly to the west, and in the cities of the central Russia there has been some decline.

Peculiar sad dates for all these monasteries Pereslavl became the days of the locust invasion of the Polish-Lithuanian troops in Time of Troubles who burned, destroyed and plundered almost everything around, as well as our local "Time of Troubles" — 20 years XX century when "valiant" the power of the Land of Soviets furiously destroyed everything that had been accumulated over the centuries.

At the moment, four of the five monasteries are active.

Nikitsky monastery

Founded in XII century, named after Nikita the Great Martyr for whose deeds he became famous. The main building of the monastery is Nikitsky Cathedral (1561- 1564) erected by order Ivan the Terrible. IN 1918 year the monastery was taken apart for private collections of party leaders, nationalized, and in 1923 and completely closed. Reopened only in 1993 year.

Nikolsky Monastery

Founded in 1350 year, named after Nicholas the Wonderworker. Initially, it was a male monastery, but over time, the male monks dried up, and in 1899 year it was decided to change course. So Nikolsky Monastery became feminine.

The main temple of the monastery was Cathedral of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (1680-1721). But, with the coming to power of his comrades, his 1923 year, in a comradely way, they blew it up, and the monastery was closed, deploying a livestock base there soon. Not a bad evolution for a religious building. IN 1999-2003 years, on the foundation of the old cathedral, a new one was erected, having nothing in common with the previous one, except for the foundation.

Main shrine - Korsun Cross with relics of many saints. There were only such crosses 10 , and they are dated X century.

Holy Trinity Danilov Monastery

Founded in 1508 year a monk Daniel, who later became the godfather of the newborn Ivan the Terrible. Just in honor of the birth Ivan the Terrible the main cathedral of the monastery is being built - Trinity Cathedral (1530-1532).

The monastery was closed 1923 year, and reopened in 1995 .

Feodorovsky Convent

Founded in 1304 year in honor of the great martyr Theodora Stratilates. Dominant of the monastery - Feodorovsky Cathedral, erected in 1556 year Ivan the Terrible in honor of the birth of a son Fedora.

Before 1667 year the monastery was male, but the plague epidemic that swept through many places Rus', mowed down almost all the novices. Since women are left in Pereslavl much more, it was decided to remake the monastery into a convent.

IN 1923 year the monastery was closed. Services resumed on 1998 year. At the moment it is an active women's monastery.

Goritsky Monastery

Founded in XIV century under Ivan Kalita. The name comes from the word "mountain", as it is located on a hill. IN 1744 year the monastery was closed due to the fact that Pereslavl became the center of the diocese. Goritsky Monastery was the largest of all the nearby complexes, and therefore he had to become the residence of the head of the diocese. Soon the diocese was disbanded, but the monastic activity was not revived. The monastery was deserted and eventually fell into disrepair.

But suddenly salvation came from where they did not expect. IN 1917 year, the complex of buildings of the monastery was nationalized, and in 1919 a museum is organized in it. And this protected it from demolition and further destruction by time.

Still in place to this day Goritsky Monastery valid Pereslavl-Zalessky State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve which is one of the largest museums Russia. In the collection of the museum of order 95 thousand exhibits.

Pereslavl Kremlin

Laid down Yuri Dolgoruky V 1152 year. Since that time, the life of the city begins Pereslavl-Zalessky. Pereslavl Kremlin had some similarities with Moscow, as it was built almost at the same time by one person. Pereslavsky The "colleague" is much larger than the Moscow one, but much less has survived to this day than that of its competitor. The walls did not endure us, only bulky ramparts remained. Has its own Red Square, but now it looks more like a park with paths, trees and a small clearing.

In the same 1152 construction began Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral. This is the only cathedral Northeast Rus' pre-Mongol times, which has come down to us almost unchanged. During his life, he underwent a number of reconstructions, but all of them were mostly cosmetic. Therefore, historians consider it the most authentic cathedral of that time.

Now there is a museum in it, sometimes services are held. Near the monument Alexander Nevsky who was baptized in Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral.

IN 1659 year within the walls of the Kremlin is based Sretensky Novodevichy Convent, which existed for a short time - until 1764 of the year. Then it was disbanded, leaving behind two churches.

Also within the Kremlin is Church of Peter the Metropolitan built in 1585 year, but at the moment it is in a very deplorable state. However, services are held there several times a year.

Lake Pleshcheyevo National Park

Lake Pleshcheyevo one of the main attractions Pereslavl-Zalessky. It was here that the "amusing" flotilla of Peter I. From this event, the entire Russian navy begins. On the shore of the lake there Museum-Estate "Boat of Peter I" dedicated "amusing" flotilla.

It features a wooden boat "Fortune", which has survived to this day.

On the shore of the lake you can find a huge stone with a mass 12 tons, called blue stone. He was worshiped by local Slavic tribes who lived before Christianization Rus'. Even in modern times, many neo-pagans visit from time to time Pereslavl-Zalessky To blue stone to bow.

In the Middle Ages Lake Pleshcheyevo was famous for the presence of a special type of fish, vendace, which was found only in it. That's what she's called Pereslavl vendace. At one time, it was served on the table of the kings, and was a kind of local delicacy. Now there is very little of it left, and it is listed in Red Book.

On the coat of arms of the city Pereslavl-Zalessky our favorite observant reader may notice this fish. There are two copies.

Alexandrova mountain on pleshcheyevo lake gives you the opportunity to enjoy the excellent scenery of the area

Pereslavl-Zalessky- included in the itinerary "Small Golden Ring" of Russia. A small city full of sights worthy of paying attention to it.

From the editor:

The site "Russian Faith" continues a series of reports on ancient Russian cities, whose toponyms are inscribed in the history of the first centuries of the existence of our state and which are still famous and visited historical and cultural centers. We will also try to talk about the relics and shrines located in these cities. Our new report from the old Pereslavl-Zalessky.

Watch online →

View of Pereslavl-Zalessky from the bell tower of the Goritsky Assumption Monastery

From Moscow from the bus station North Gate (metro station Khovrino) to Pereslavl-Zalessky there are buses every two hours, both direct and passing. There are also regular buses to Pereslavl-Zalessky from Schelkovskaya metro station. There are a lot of hotels in Pereslavl-Zalessky, but the prices for accommodation are very high even in hotels on the outskirts of the city.

City `s history

Pereslavl-Zalessky is one of the oldest cities located within the Yaroslavl region, 140 km from Moscow, on the shore of Lake Pleshcheyevo, at the confluence of the Trubezh River. The city was founded in 1152 by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky.

The original name of the city - Pereyaslavl - in honor of the more ancient city - Pereyaslavl-Russian (now Pereyaslavl-Khmelnitsky in Ukraine). In turn, the latter was founded and named so by Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich. Founded by Yuri Dolgoruky, Pereslavl was located behind the forests in Zalesye - the area of ​​​​fields and agriculture, therefore, an additional definition was added to the name of the city: Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. Since the 15th century, the pronunciation has changed to Pereslavl-Zalessky. After the death of Prince Yuri Dolgoruky, Pereslavl-Zalessky lost its importance as the capital of North-Eastern Rus', and its development stopped. However, the city remained one of the most important destinies. Around 1220, Prince Alexander Nevsky was born in it. In 1276-1294, Dmitry Alexandrovich Pereyaslavsky, the son of Alexander Nevsky, who reigned in Pereslavl, was the Grand Duke of Vladimir, although his residence was still in Pereslavl. Thus, at this time, Pereslavl-Zalessky again became the actual capital of North-Eastern Rus'. In 1302, after the death of Prince Ivan Dmitrievich, the city, according to his will, went to the Moscow principality. Starting from 1302, the city was ruled by Moscow governors, and sometimes it was given out to feed the alien princes. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Pereslavl was the patrimony of the Moscow princes. Pereslavl-Zalessky suffered greatly during the Time of Troubles. In 1708 the city was assigned to the Moscow province. Since 1719 - the center of the Pereslavl province of the Moscow province, and since 1778 - the county town of the Vladimir viceroy, and then the province. Since 1929 - the center of the Pereslavl district of the Ivanovo industrial region. In 1936, Pereslavl-Zalessky became part of the Yaroslavl region.

The most ancient shrine of Pereslavl-Zalessky

It was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky in 1152, and completed in 1157 under Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky.

This is a one-domed, cross-domed, four-pillar, three-apse temple, the walls of which are laid out in semi-rubble technique from hewn and laid almost dry white stone blocks. The thickness of the walls is from 1 m 30 cm to 1 m. The height of the temple in ancient times was about 22 m. The decor of the cathedral is very strict. The drum is decorated with a curb and a crenate belt, along the top of the apses there are an arcuate belt, a curb and a carved semi-shaft. No stone porches and other outbuildings to the cathedral have been preserved, no traces of them have been discovered by archaeological research. During excavations in the temple in the late 1930s. yellow, green and brown majolica tiles were found that covered the floor. More elegant tiles, white with blue ornaments, probably decorated the choir stalls. In the second half of the 12th century, the cathedral was painted with frescoes. The compositions “The Last Judgment” and “The Virgin on the Throne” were discovered in 1862 by the historian and archaeologist N.A. Artleben. During the restoration of the cathedral in 1893-1894, the ancient frescoes were removed in small pieces, placed in boxes and hidden in a cold barn in disarray. In 1895, the Archaeological Commission declared the frescoes undeserving of further preservation. The surviving fragment of the murals (half-length image of the Apostle Peter) is now in the Historical Museum of Moscow. The frescoes of the 19th century, which did not represent significant artistic value, were cleaned off. Now inside the cathedral are white walls. From the Pereslavl Cathedral comes the church icon of the Transfiguration of the beginning of the 15th century, exceptional in its artistic merits, attributed to Theophan the Greek (now in the Tretyakov Gallery).

During one of the restorations of the Transfiguration Cathedral, several ancient Russian graffiti were found on its walls. Among the graffiti was found a unique inscription-message of the XII century about the murder of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky (c. 1111 - 1174) and a list of the names of his killers. In the XIII-XIV centuries the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior was the tomb of the Pereslavl specific princes. Princes Dmitry Alexandrovich (1250-1294) and Ivan Dmitrievich (c. 1268-1302) were buried here. In the year of the end of the Great Patriotic War, September 2, 1945, the Alexander Nevsky Museum was created in the cathedral, later closed. Today, the Transfiguration Cathedral functions as a branch of the city museum-reserve. In memory of Prince Alexander Nevsky in Pereslavl-Zalessky on Red Square in front of the Transfiguration Cathedral in 1958, a bronze bust of the Grand Duke was erected.

Temples on Red Square

In the central part of Pereslavl-Zalessky, on Red Square, there is a stone church with an altar in the name of the Holy Prince Alexander Nevsky. The church is located on the site founded in the 50s. XVII century Sretensko-Vladimir convent. Until the 18th century all the buildings of the monastery were wooden, and then the temples were built in stone at the expense of the Pereslavl merchant Philip Fadeevich Ugryumov.

The main volume of the temple in the name of St. Alexander Nevsky has a highly raised vault. And the facades of the building are strict and practically do not have any decor. Very beautiful high and carved crosses are installed on scaly bulbs. A squat refectory adjoins the main quadrangle. Its large rectangular windows at the top are also decorated with small semi-circles. After the revolution, the temple was used for domestic needs. Services here were resumed in 1998. Near the temple of Alexander Nevsky there is a temple in the name of St. Peter, Metropolitan of Moscow. In the patriarchal salary books, the Petro-Metropolitan Church is mentioned for the first time under 1654. The church was restored in the 1880s under the leadership of V. V. Suslov. The outer walls were plastered flat by 1885 and painted a gloomy deep purple.

In 1988, the church was in disrepair. In 1991 the church was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church. Currently, the restoration of the church is stopped. Sometimes services are held in the church.

Assumption Monastery on the "mountain"

The Goritsky Assumption Monastery in Pereslavl-Zalessky was probably founded at the beginning of the 14th century under Ivan Kalita (1288-1340).

The monastery got its most famous name from its location on a hill - "mountain". In the 15th century, Daniil Pereslavsky (? - 1540) was a resident of the monastery, and later hegumen (from 1470 to 1500), who in 1508 transferred to the Trinity Danilov Monastery founded by him.

In the Middle Ages, the Goritsky Monastery owned numerous villages, including Bolshiye Sokolniki, Veslevo, Veskovo, Voskresenskoye, Dubnevo, Ermovo, Ilyinskoye, Kruzhkovo, Maurino, Nila, Pertsevo, Rodiontsevo, Slavitino, Solomidino, Chasnitsy, Chentsy, Chernitskoye on Oselka, Chernitskoye on Shah, Yaropoltsy and others. The further fate of the Goritsky Monastery in the 16th and 17th centuries is unknown.

In 1744, the Goritsky Assumption Monastery was abolished and given to the premises of the bishop's house of the newly established Pereslavl diocese. During this time, the Assumption Cathedral was located on the territory of the monastery (between 1753-1761); bell tower with the Church of the Epiphany (1768-1777); part of the fence with towers was rebuilt.

In 1788 the Pereslavl diocese was abolished. The former monastery ceased to serve as a bishop's residence and began to gradually deteriorate. In the "Description of monasteries located in the Russian Empire" (1817), "Goritsky Uspensky, destroyed, near the city of Pereslavl-Zalessky" is mentioned. And twenty years later this monastery was no longer in the book (1834).

The oldest buildings of the monastery, undoubtedly existing in the 17th century, are two gates, one of which is “Saints”; the southern fence with one tower and the Church of All Saints, which has almost lost its ancient appearance due to later additions.

The “Holy Gates” with the church of St. Nicholas represent one of the outstanding examples of ancient Russian architecture and therefore have been repeatedly depicted and described in various publications; of these, the most valuable are the drawings placed in the edition of F. Richter, where you can see all the details of processing. The year of construction of the gate is unknown, but many researchers indicate in the period of the 17th century.

Back in the middle of the 18th century, a pond was dug out in the middle of the monastery "to protect against fire accidents." The pond was filled with water artificially, through pipes laid from a neighboring pond near the walls of the monastery. The banks of the pond were reinforced with logs. In 1925, the museum staff planted fruit trees around it.

Today, the Pereslavl-Zalessky Museum-Reserve is located on the territory of the Goritsky Assumption Monastery.

Iconography, sculpture and painting in the Pereslavl-Zalessky Museum-Reserve

One of the expositions of the Pereslavl-Zalessky Museum-Reserve is dedicated to ancient Russian icon painting of the 15th-19th centuries. Here are works of icon painting of the 15th-18th centuries, taken out by the museum staff in the 1920s from the closed and destroyed monasteries and temples of Pereslavl-Zalessky and Pereslavl districts.

In ancient times, Pereslavl-Zalessky was one of the centers of icon painting, which was part of the Rostov-Suzdal artistic culture. From the moment the Pereslavl appanage was annexed to the Moscow principality at the beginning of the 14th century, the old cultural ties gradually weakened, but the influence of the ancient tradition remained for a long time in the local fine arts. Among the Pereslavl icon painters were both monastic icon painters and posad painters who made a living from their art. Local masters painted icons not only for the churches of Pereslavl and the villages surrounding it, but also for the churches of Moscow and nearby cities.

The exposition also includes several first-class monuments related by their origin to the Moscow icon-painting school. So, around 1557, by order of Tsar Ivan IV, the capital’s masters painted icons for the local row of the iconostasis of the Fedorovsky Cathedral of the monastery of the same name: “Theodore Stratilat in his life”, “Theotokos Hodegetria”, “Rejoices over you”, “Old Testament Trinity”, “John Chrysostom ”, “Nikola the Wonderworker”.

The cultural heyday of the city was also the second half of the 17th century. At that time, more than a dozen talented icon painters lived and worked in Pereslavl. Some of them were also invited to carry out royal orders in Moscow.

The permanent exhibition of Russian wooden sculpture is located in one of the rooms on the ground floor of the 17th century Refectory. Wood carving, which occupies an intermediate position between high art and artistic craft, is a traditional craft of the population of the Pereslavl region. Local carvers performed complex iconostasis work, decorated rich chambers and peasant huts with marvelous patterns, and cut toys for children's amusement. The exposition of the museum presents both finished sculptural compositions and fragments of unpreserved iconostases of the 17th-19th centuries from the temples of Pereslavl and the Pereslavl region.

Most of the exhibits were discovered by the museum staff during historical and ethnographic expeditions. The museum collection of wooden sculpture is a clear evidence of the talent of the local population, endowed with a natural sense of beauty and artistic taste, flavored with subtle humor and self-irony.

In the exposition "Russian painting of the XVIII-XX centuries." paintings of the Wanderers are presented: landscapes by I.I. Shishkina, N.N. Dubovsky, L.L. Kamenev, V.D. Polenov, genre paintings by P.O. Kovalevsky, I.M. Pryanishnikova, V.E. Makovsky.

A major role in the formation of the museum and the development of its art collections belongs to D.N. Kardovsky. Thanks to his efforts, in 1927 the collection of paintings was replenished with paintings by artists of the World of Art and the Union of Russian Artists. Among them are paintings by A.N. Benois, S.Yu. Zhukovsky, K.F. Yuona, K.A. Korovin.

A feature of the museum's contemporary art collection is its thematic focus. Among such works are canvases by A.A. Osmerkina, A.A. Tutunov and others.

Nikitsky monastery and Pereslavl ascetic

According to the legend of the Book of Degrees, Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich (c. 960-1015) gave the Rostov-Suzdal region to his son Boris (c. 990-1015). In 1010, Boris and Bishop Hilarion founded the first churches on Lake Pleshcheyevo. It is possible that one of these churches became the basis of the future monastery.

Approximately in the XV century, one of the monks of the Nikitsky Monastery compiled the life of the Monk Nikita the Stylite, which was then supplemented by a description of the miracles shown to the saints posthumously. It follows from his life that the Monk Stylite Nikita of Pereslavsky labored here at the end of the 12th century. Among the people who received healing thanks to the saint, Mikhail of Chernigov (1179-1246), the son of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible - Ivan is mentioned in his life. Until the 16th century, the monastery lived by its own labors. Around 1515-1521, the deacon of Pereslavl, Evstafiy, after his healing at the relics of the Monk Nikita the Stylite, erected a wooden Nikitskaya church. In 1521 the prince of Uglich Dmitry Ioannovich (1481-1521) gave the monastery a village near Uglich. And in 1528, by order of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily III (1479-1533), on the territory of the monastery on the site of the old stone Nikitskaya church dedicated to the Great Martyr Nikita, the construction of the stone Nikitsky Cathedral was begun. The flowering of the monastery began under Abbot Vassian, when Ivan IV (1530-1584) turned his attention to it. He was preparing the monastery as a spare oprichnina fortress - just in case Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda ceased to be a reliable fortification. More than once he and his family made pilgrimages to the monastery.

In the years 1560-1564, by order of the king, a five-domed church was erected in honor of the Monk Nikita the Stylite. One of the tsar's contributions was a huge bronze chandelier for the temple, and his wife Anastasia Romanovna (1530/1532 - 1560) presented the temple with her own embroidered image of St. Nikita the Stylite. The 16th century temple has survived to this day. By order of the king, other buildings were erected on the territory of the monastery - a refectory church (not preserved), a gate church in the name of the Holy Archangel Gabriel (not preserved), walls and towers (1562, preserved in a rebuilt form). Ivan IV provided the monastery with patrimonies, instituted a common residence.

The walls of the monastery withstood the siege of the Poles in 1609. And in 1611, the Lithuanians with Pan Sapega (1569-1611) burned the monastery after a two-week siege. In 1643-1645 the walls and towers were renewed with minor changes. At the same time, the Church of the Annunciation, which has survived to this day, was erected with a two-story refectory chamber and a hipped bell tower.

In 1702 the Chernihiv chapel was built. In 1768, a chapel in the name of St. Nicholas was added to the refectory of the Church of the Annunciation. In the XVIII century, a chapel was built over the pillar of St. Nikita and service buildings. At the beginning of the 19th century, a high bell tower was built instead of the old gate church of St. Michael the Archangel.

In 1918, the property of the Nikitsky Monastery was nationalized. Formally, the monastery was liquidated in 1923, and valuable items were transferred to the museum. On the territory and in the buildings of the monastery at different times there was a rest house for scientists, a school, residential apartments, a city communal farm, a women's colony. In 1933, the iconostasis of the Nikitsky Cathedral was burned. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Nikitsky Cathedral was restored. However, in 1984, on Ilyin's day, its central head collapsed. In December 1993 the monastery was reopened. A large-scale restoration of buildings and arrangement of the territory began.

Monastery founded by Rev. Dmitry Prilutsky

The St. Nicholas Monastery in Pereslavl-Zalessky was founded by a native of this land, the Monk Demetrius of Prilutsky (beginning of the 14th century - 1406) in 1348 on a place called "on the Swamp", having erected a church in the name of St. Nicholas.

Founded by the Monk Demetrius, the monastery gained fame and began to attract many worshipers. In 1505, Prince Ivan III (1440-1505) granted state lands to the monastery. In 1609 the monastery was completely ravaged by the Polish-Lithuanian invaders, and only in 1613 monastic life resumed in the monastery; in 1613 monk Dionysius came to the monastery; he began the revival of the monastery. Hegumen Varlaam became his successor.

The entire ensemble of the monastery was built in stone by the last third of the 18th century. 28-meter hipped bell tower (1693); the warm Church of the Annunciation of the Most Holy Theotokos and the Holy Gates with a gate church in the name of the Holy Primate Apostles Peter and Paul (1772); stone fence (1761). The main Nikolsky Cathedral was built for a very long time (1680-1721); it was a high five-domed cathedral with three far-protruding apses and wide window openings.

On June 10, 1898, the provincial St. Nicholas Monastery was converted into a cenobitic convent. In 1899, a major overhaul of the two-story cell building with the rector's chambers was carried out, several outbuildings were erected. By 1900, the adjoining church of the Presentation of the Lord was renewed and a new one was consecrated - All Saints in the Annunciation Church. In 1903, the summer Nikolsky Cathedral was restored inside. In 1923, the Soviet authorities closed the monastery, and the main cathedral and the bell tower were blown up.

For a long time there was a livestock base in the monastery. On December 27, 1993, the St. Nicholas Convent was renewed. In 1996, the five-domed completion of the Church of the Annunciation was recreated, and in 1999, repair and restoration work was completed.

In 1999, the foundation of St. Nicholas Cathedral was laid, and on September 12, 2003, the first divine service was served in the newly built cathedral. In 2001, a cell building was built with bishops' chambers and a house church in honor of St. Sergius of Radonezh. On May 22, 2004, the belfry was laid with a church in honor of the Beheading of St. John the Baptist.

Near the Nikolsky Monastery is the Smolensk Church. It marks the place of Borisoglebsky, which is on Sands, a monastery founded according to legend in 1252 and abolished in 1764. The church was built with the funds of the monastery and the money of benefactors in the 17th century. In 1705, the relics of the Pereslavl monk Cornelius were placed in the church.

The Smolensk Church is the only surviving building of the Borisoglebsky Pesotsky Monastery. After the closing of the monastery, it served as a parish church. After the revolution, the church was not closed and operated until the Great Patriotic War, and then was used as a warehouse and residential premises. Until the mid-1970s, people lived in it. At present, divine services are held in the church on major holidays.

Monastery of St. Daniel, miracle worker of Pereslavl

In 1508 in Pereslavl-Zalessky the Trinity Monastery, later Daniilov, was founded. The founder of the monastery was the monk of the Pereslavl Nikitsky monastery Daniel (d. 1540).

The monastery was seriously damaged during the Time of Troubles: “Polish and Lithuanian people stood in Pereslavl, Sapega and his comrades, the monastery was burned and the temples were destroyed, and the monastic letters of commendation, and patrimonial fortresses, were torn up,” it is written in the letter of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich to the Danilov Monastery dated 1615 Significant damage was also done to the monastic estates: peasants were killed, houses were plundered. The monastery was rebuilt in the second half of the 17th century.

The very first stone building of the monastery was the Trinity Cathedral (1530). For its construction, the famous Rostov architect Grigory Borisov was invited. In 1660, a small temple was added to the Trinity Cathedral over the burial place of the founder of the monastery, St. Daniel. And this one-domed church formed an ensemble with a massive cathedral. In 1689, architects invited from Kostroma added a hipped bell tower to the Danilovsky chapel. To the east of the main cathedral is the small Church of All Saints (1687).

This stone temple was erected on the site of the very first wooden church of the monastery. The stone church is crowned with a dome on a high drum decorated with a row of kokoshniks. It was originally built at the hospital. But the hospital building has not survived to this day. In the southeastern part of the monastery stands the Church of the Praise of the Most Holy Theotokos (1695). It is distinguished by carved capitals and architraves, decorative "shells" and columns. On the second floor of this temple is the Refectory.

In the years 1667-1669, the archimandrite of the Danilov monastery was a former opponent of the church reforms of Patriarch Nikon, Grigory Neronov. From 1753 to 1788 the Pereslavl Theological Seminary was located in the monastery; since 1788 - Pereslavl theological school. From 1764 to 1918 the monastery had the status of a second-class diocese of Vladimir and Suzdal. In the 18th century, the city theological seminary was located on the monastery territory, and later - a school. Holy Trinity Danilov Monastery was closed in 1923. During the years of Soviet power, a machine and tractor station was located on its territory, and in 1945 - a camp for German prisoners of war and a military training unit. Church services were resumed within the monastery walls in 1995.

Feodorovsky Monastery

Theodorovsky Monastery in Pereslavl-Zalessky was founded in 1304. In 1557, Tsar Ivan IV ordered the construction of a stone church in the monastery in honor of the Great Martyr Theodore Stratilates.

Until 1667 the monastery was for men. The monastery was closed in 1923. In June 1923, the monastic community, which had existed since 1918 in the form of an agricultural artel, was liquidated.

On the territory of the monastery there was a children's colony and a nursing home. Then, for a long time, the Fedorovsky Monastery was transferred to the military department. The hospice house housed the office of a construction trust. Restoration of the monastery buildings began in 1967. In 1998, the temples and buildings of the monastery were transferred to the Nikolsky Monastery. On April 19, 1998, the first liturgy was celebrated in the Vvedenskaya Church. On December 23, 1999, the monastery began to be considered ascribed to the Nikolsky Monastery.

Temple of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste

On the shore of Lake Pleshcheyevo, at the mouth of the Trubezh River, in the historic Rybnaya Sloboda, there is a church in the name of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste.

The church already existed here at the beginning of the 17th century. In the patriarchal salary books under 1628 it is written: "The Church of the Holy Forty Martyrs, in the settlement." In 1652, another warm church was built next to this church and consecrated in honor of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos. In 1726-1727, both churches turned out to be dilapidated, it became impossible to serve in them, and at the request of the priest Ivan Stefanov and the parishioners, it was allowed to build new wooden churches, which were built and consecrated in 1728. The cold church was consecrated in the same name, and warm in honor of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos. Instead of these two wooden churches, in 1755, at the expense of the Moscow merchants Maxim and Ivan Shchelyagin, a stone church was built, which now exists.

wonderful lake

A favorite place for tourists to relax in Pereslavl-Zalessky is Lake Pleshcheyevo, whose area is about 51 km², and the maximum length is 9.5 km (from the mouth of the Trubezh River to the exit of the Veksa River from the lake).

The age of Lake Pleshcheyevo is about 30 thousand years. It was formed after the retreat of continental glaciers. This is confirmed by the very position of the lake on the border of the glacial moraine and ancient alluvial deposits. The ancient reservoir was much larger than the current one. Its former borders are visible as an elevated rim on the eastern and southern sides of the lake. The villages of Gorodishche, Bolshaya Brembola, Krasnoe, Veskovo and Solomidino are located here. At the end of the 17th century, the “amusing” training flotilla of Peter I was built on Lake Pleshcheyevo. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was revived for several years.

The biological productivity of the lake is quite high. The fish fauna is represented by 16 species, of which the most valuable for commercial purposes are: silver bream, bream, burbot, perch, roach, vendace, bleak, pike. There are also other fish: loach, ruff, crucian carp, tench, gudgeon, pluck. Birds live on the shores of the lake: swan, white-tailed eagle, osprey, duck, heron, seagull. A relict population of the marsh turtle has been preserved.

Other names of this lake: Pereslavskoye (after the name of the city of Pereslavl-Zalessky standing on the lake shore), Kleshchino, Kleshcheyevo, Pleshchey, Pleshchino, Pleshcheyevsky, Pleshka, Pereslavl, Pereyaslavl, Pleshcheyka, Pleshchey. According to one version, the name of the lake is associated with the ancient city of Kleshchin, the predecessor of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. The modern name is a modification of an older name derived from Kleshchin. According to folk legend, the lake got its name Pleshcheyevo from the ability to splash out, throw out all the things thrown into it.

One of the main attractions of the lake is the Blue Stone - a three-meter cobblestone weighing 12 tons, consisting of fine-grained quartz biotite schist. The stone mysteriously moves. Whatever they tried to do with him: they buried him, and drowned him at the bottom of the lake, and took him away, but he always returned inexplicably. This legend has a number of explanations, among them: the influence of temperature fluctuations, due to which the rock expands and contracts, which leads to its slight displacement, the hypothesis of the existence of ley lines, the accumulation of ice fragments on the stone, which contribute to its movement, and , of course, the influence of otherworldly forces on the Blue Stone.

I would like to note that the tourist service of Pereslavl-Zalessky is at a decent level. There are many cafes, hotels, places for recreation in the city. The only thing that spoils the impression is the packs of stray dogs in the city center, which bark at cyclists and motorcyclists.

RETEUMBCHMSH-BMEUULIK. DMS YuEMPCHELB RTPEECSEZP - CHUEZP MYYSH OEVPMSHYPK ZPTPD ABOUT VETEZH PETTB rMEEEECHB, PYO Y NOPZYI ABOUT LBTFE tPUUYY. uFP NPTsEF VSHCHFSH CH OEN IBNEYUBFEMSHOPZP? пДОПЬФБЦОЩЕ ДЕТЕЧСООЩЕ ДПНБ, ХФПРБАЭЙЕ Ч ЪЕМЕОЙ ДЕТЕЧШЕЧ, ЪПМПФЩЕ ЛХРПМБ ГЕТЛЧЕК, ОЕНОПЗП Ч УФПТПОЕ — УПЧТЕНЕООЩЕ НЙЛТПТБКПОЩ, ДЧЕ ПУОПЧОЩЕ ХМЙГЩ, РЕТЕЛТЕУФПЛ... оП ЙНЕООП ЪДЕУШ, ЛБЛ ОБ ЬФПН РЕТЕЛТЕУФЛЕ, УПЫМЙУШ РТПЫМПЕ Й ОБУФПСЭЕЕ, МЕЗЕОДЩ Й ВЩМЙ, РЕТЕРМЕМЙУШ НЕЦДХ УПВПК УХДШВЩ DEATH YOURSELF MADEK. ZPTPD ITBOIF NOPTSEUFCHP FBKO, P LPFPTSCHI UHTsDEOP HOBFSH FPMSHLP CHOYNBFEMSHOPNKH YUEMPCELKH, YULTEOOOE MAVSEENKH Y RPOYNBAEENH tPUUYA, OEPFYAENMENBS YUBUFSH LPFPTPK — RETEUMBCHMSH-BMEUULY. obYUBMBUSH LFB YUFPTYS NOPZP CHELCH FPNKh OBBD. eEE CH RPIKH OEPMIFB GENERAL DTECHOYE RTEDLY RP DPUFPYOUFCHH PGEOYMY LTBUPFH Y VPZBFUFCHP DEYOYI NEUF. UBNSHE NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE UMEDSCH PVYFBOYS RETCHSHI RPUEMEOGECH LTBS PVOBTKhTSEOSH ABOUT VETEZH PETTB rMEEEECHB, CH HTPYUEE "rPMSHGP", VMYB VETEODEECHB VPMPFB, CH UBNPN RETEUMBCHME ABOUT THE TELE UFSCHVPKVEL. MADY RTYYMY UADB CHUMED ЪB PFUFHRBAEIN MEDOILPN, RP TELFN UP UFPTPOSCH CHPMZY Y lMSSHNSCH. xCE CHTENEOBYEK BTSC, CH I-X CHELBY, RETEUMBCHULYK LTBC UFBM GEOFTPN RTPTSYCHBOYS DTECHOEZP OBTPDB NETS, RTYOBDMETSBEEZP L ZHJOOP-KhZPTULPK SHCHLPCHPK ZTHRRE RMENEO. rPtse VETEZB PETTB PUCHPYMP FBLTS Y UMBCHSOULPE OBUEMEOYE, RTYYEDYEE Y rTYDOERTPCHSHS (LTYCHYUY) Y OPCHZPTPDULPK ENMY (YMSHNEOSHULYE UMPCHEOE). dPOSCHOE UPITBOYMUS FBYOUFCHEOOOSCHK UYOYK LBNEOSH, RP MESEODE, UMHTSBAK DMS Y CHPF, about PDOPN YPMNPCH, venechishchybaenus Ob Phetopk Zmbdsha, emergency ZPTPD Lmeyo - Rtedyufcheyol Oshoyoyozp Retumbchms, Pltkhceoschk Kubmbzye Npemzbaeini lachznya yemzbaeinyyniyniyyniye -baeinyniynyniyniyniye lane yemesbaeini lace

LMEEYO, OEUPNOEOOP, VSHCHM CHBTSOEKYN UFTTBFEZYYUEULYN GEOFTPN UECHETP-CHPUFPYuOPK THUI. FEN OE NEOEE, CH 1152 ZPDKh CHPMECHSHCHN TEYOYEN ATYS dPMZPTTHLPZP ON VSCHM RETEOEUEO ABOUT OPCHPE NEUFP - U CHCHUPLPZP RTYVTETSOPZP IPMNB CH OYYOYOH, CH KHUFSHET TEL FTHVETS. pyuechydop, UFP DMS LFPZP YNEMYUSH CHEULYE PUOPCHBOYS, OP RTYUYOSCH Y PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHB LFPZP UPVSCHFIS DP UYI RPT PUFBAFUS RTEDNEFPN PUFTSHCHI DYULHUUYK YUFPTYLPCHZY BTIEPMPCHZY. rP RTEDBOYA, RETESUMBCHMSH OPCHSHCHK RPMKHYUYM UCHPE OBCHBOYE CH YuEUFSH RETESUMBCHMS ATsOPZP, TPDYOSCH LOS ATYS, UFPSEEZP FBLTS ABOUT THE FTHVETS BODY. CHRPUMEDUFCHYY Y OBCHBOIS ZPTPDB CHSHCHRBMB VHLCHB "S", OP DPVBCHYMPUSH UMPCHP "BMEUULYK". p OPCHPN ZPTPDE MEFPRYUY ZPCHPTSF: "UPDB VPMSHY UFBTPZP", FP EUFSH lMEEYOB. DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, VSCHMB UPDBOB UIMSHOBS, NPTsOP ULBBFSH, RETCHPLMBUOBS LTERPUFSH. pDYO FPMSHLP CHMBDYNYT ABOUT lMSHNE "VSCHM ENH CH CHETUVKH". RETEUMBCHMSH PLTHTSBMP LPMShGP ENMSOSCHI CHBMPCH CHSHCHUPFPK 10 - 16 N, DPUFYZBAEEEE H PLTHTSOPUFY DP 2, 5 LN. CHOHFTY CHBMPCHPZP LPMSHGB VSHCHM CHP'CHEDEO NPEOSCHK URBUP-rTEPVTBTSEOULYK UVPPT - VEMPLBNEOOSHCHK ITBN, UMHTSYCHYK DHIPCHOSCHN Y CHPEOOP-RPMYFYYUEULYN GEOFTPN LOTSEOULPK CHMBUFY. FP SUOP YEZP RPMPTSEOIS CHOHFTY LTERPUFY Y DEFBMEK BTIYFELFHTOPZP HUFTPKUFCHB. nPOKHNEOFBMSHOPUFSH LTERPUFY ZPCHPTYF P CHBTSOPUFY RETEUMBCHMS H DEME BEYFSCH PRPMSHS PF NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHI CHTBZCH.

OBJVPMSHYYEZP TBUGCHEFB RETEUMBCHULPE LOSCEUFCHP DPUFYZMP PE CHTENEOB RTBCHMEOYS HUECHPMPDB vPMSHYPE ZOEDP Y EZP USCHOB STPUMBCHB. ZPTPD UFBM PDOIN Y OBYUYFEMSHOSHCHI GEOPTPCH LHMSHFHTSC CHMBDYNYTP-uKHDBMSHULPK THUI. RTY DCPTE STPUMBCHB Chuechpmpdpchyub Umkhskimy PVTBPCHOOO MADYA, Kommersant Bchbchbmy Yufptyulkh Itpreyeg Retumbchms Ukhdbmshulpzp, TBVPFBMYY RP. about RETEUMBCHULPK ENME TPDYMUS, CHPURYFSHCHCHBMUS Y LOSTSYM NMBDYYK USCHO STPUMBCHB, OBNEOYFSHCHK RPMLCHPDEG bMELUBODT OECHULYK.

PDOBLP UHDSHVB RETEUMBCHMS-BMEUULPZP FBL TSE VMEUFSEB, LBL Y FTBZYUOB: ON OE YЪVETSBM FSTsLPK HYBUFY NOPTSEUFCHB THUULYI ZPTPDCH. оБ РТПФСЦЕОЙЙ ЧУЕЗП МЙЫШ ОЕУЛПМШЛЙИ ДЕУСФЛПЧ МЕФ рЕТЕУМБЧМШ ОЕПДОПЛТБФОП ВЩМ РПДЧЕТЦЕО ТБЪПТЕОЙА ЛБЛ ФБФБТП-НПОЗПМШУЛЙНЙ ЧПКУЛБНЙ, ФБЛ Й УЧПЙНЙ ЦЕ ВТБФШСНЙ-ЛОСЪШСНЙ, ЦЕМБАЭЙНЙ ЕДЙОПМЙЮОП ЧМБДЕФШ ПДОЙН ЙЪ ЧБЦОЕКЫЙИ РПМЙФЙЮЕУЛЙИ Й ЬЛПОПНЙЮЕУЛЙИ ГЕОФТПЧ тХУЙ.

OEUYUBUFSHS, RPUFYZYYE ZPTPD, PUFBCHYMY EZP MYYSH RPUME UNETFY dNYFTYS bMELUBODTPCHYUB, SCHOB bMELUBODTB OECHULPZP, RETEDBCHYEZP RETEUMBCHULPE LOTSEUFCHP nPULPCHULPNKH LOSA dBOYIMKH. obyuyobs U XV CHELB, RETEUMBCHMSH-yBMEUULYK TBCHYCHBEFUUS LBL OBBYUYFEMSHOSHCHK TENEUMEOOSCHK Y FPTZPCHSHCHK GEOFT, PUFBCHBSUSH CHEUSHNB RTYCHMELBFEMSHOSHCHN DMS CHEMILPLOSCEULPK WENSHI. чЕМЙЛЙЕ НПУЛПЧУЛЙЕ ЛОСЪШС Й ГБТЙ ОЕПДОПЛТБФОП РПУЕЭБМЙ ЗПТПД, РТЙЕЪЦБС УАДБ ОБ ПИПФХ Й ВПЗПНПМШЕ Ч НЕУФОЩЕ НПОБУФЩТЙ, УТЕДЙ ОЙИ Й ПДЙО ЙЪ УБНЩИ ЙЪЧЕУФОЩИ РПМЙФЙЮЕУЛЙИ Й ЗПУХДБТУФЧЕООЩИ ДЕСФЕМЕК ТХУУЛПЗП уТЕДОЕЧЕЛПЧШС ГБТШ йЧБО IV (зТПЪОЩК). th VHDHEIK YNRETBFPT tPUUYY NPMPDK REFT I OE PUFBMUS TBCHOPDHYOSCHN L RTPUFPTBN RETEUMBCHULPK YENMY. CHEDSH YNEOOP YDEUSH, ABOUT VETEZH PETTB rMEEEECHB, REFTPN bMELUEECHYYUEN VSMP OBYUBFP UFTPIYFEMSHUFCHP OBNEOYFPK "RPFEYOPK ZHMPFYMYY" - PUOPCHPRMPTSOYGSC CHPEOOP-NTULPZP ZHMPFB tpuuy.

CH XIX CHEL RETEUMBCHMSH CHPYEM LBL LTHROSCHK ZPTPD UP UFTPSEYNYUS LBNEOOOSCHNY DPNBNY Y NOZPYUYUMEOOSCHNY GETLCHSNY, ZHBVTYLBNY, NEMSHOYGBNY, LHOYGBNY. yb BCHPDCH UBNSCHNY RTYNEYUBFEMSHOSHCHNY VSHCHMY "LPTSCHEOOOSCHE Y UPMDPCHEOOOSCHE", CHCHIE LPFPTSCHI RP PVPTPPHH Y RTPIYCHPDUFCHKh UFPSM FPMSHLP RPMPFOSOSHCHE ZHBVTYLY. OBYUYFEMSHOBS YUBUFSH OBUEMEOYS LPTNNYMBUSH VMBZPDBTS YEDYENH YUETEE ZPTPD VEMPNPTULPNKH FPTZPCHPNH FTBLPHH. ffp Vshchm Ch FP CHTENS UBNShchK LTBFYUBKYYK Y KHDPVOSHK RHFSH PF nPULCHSCH L chPMZE Y DBMEE L bTIBOZEMSHULH. oEKHDYCHYFEMSHOP, UFP RTPGCHEFBOYE Y VMBZPRPMHYUYE DEYOYI NEUF VSCHMP RTYPUFBOCHMEOP RPUME UFTPIFEMSHUFCHB uchetopk TSEMEOPK DPTPZY, LPFPTBS RTPYMB CH 18 CHETUFBI PF RETEUMBCHMS. According to Plbmus PDION FEII YEBNEFOSHSH RTPCHYOGIBMSHYSHSHSH ZPTPDPCH, I PF BFPK hubufy rogue urbeumbfpyuop tbchyfbs RTPNSHEPHPH. pVMYL UFBTPZP ZPTPDB UZHPTNYTPCHBMUS YNEOOP CH FFP CHTENS. bBUMHTSYCHBAEYE PUPVPZP CHOYNBOYS RPUFTPKLY TBURPMPTSEOSHCH, CH PUOPCHOPN, CHDPMSh PUOPCHOPK DPTPZY (nPULCHB - stPUMBCHMSh). OE SCHMSSUSH EDECHTBNY BTIYFELFHTSHCH, SOY, FEN OE NEOEE, FEUOP UCHSBOSCH U YUFPTYEK RETEUMBCHMS, CH FPN Y BLMAYUBEFUS YI PUPVEOOBS GEOOPUFSH. yFP TSIMSHCHE Y PVEEUFCHEOOOSCHE YDBOYS, CHPCHEDEOOOSCHNY Y LAYTRYUB Y LBNOS, PFMYUBAEUS PF DTHZYI UFTPEOYK UYNNEFTYEK RMBOB, IBTBLFETOSHCHNY PLPOOSCHNY OBMYUOYLBNY Y RYMSUFTBNY. DP OBYI MILKING UPITBOYMPUSH OEULPMSHLP DCHHILFBTSOSCHI LBNEOOSHCHI DPNPC RP HMYGE tPUFCHULPK, ​​CH YUFPTYUEULPN GEOPTE ZPTPDB. lPZDB-FP CH OYI ABOUT RETCHSCHI LFBTsBI TBURPMBZBMYUSH FPTZPCHSHCHE MBCHLY Y FTBLFITOSHCHE BCCHEDEOYS, B CHETIOYE LPNOBFSCH RTEDUFBCHMSMY UPVPK ZPUFYOYUOSCHE OPNETB YMY UYAENOSHCH LCHBTFITSCH. uFBTIOOBS RMBOYTPCHLB Y YOFETSHETSC OEPDOPPLTBFOP YЪNEOSMYUSH Y RPYUFY OYZDE OE PUFBMYUSH RTETSOYNY.

CH ЪDBOY OBRTPFYCH uYNEPOPCHULPK GETLCHY (KhM. tPUFPCHULBS, 19) PE CHFPTPK RPMPCHYOE XIX CHELB VSCHMB PFLTSCHFB ZPTPDULBS FYRPZTBZHYS. her CHMBDEMSHGSCH n.n. J b.n. yBMBOYOSCH DPMZYE ZPDSH PVEUREYUCHBMY RETEUMBCHGECH RTYZMBIEOYSNNY, CHYYFLBNY, PFLTSCHFLBNY, BZHYYBNY Y VPMEE UETSHEPK REYUBFOPK RTPDHLGYEK (CH YUBUFOPUFY, TSKHTOBMBNY DHPCHULPKL RETEUM). l PDOPC Y UBNSCHI UFBTYOOSHCHI RPUFTPEL RETEUMBCHMS PFOPUYFUS VSCHYBS HUBDShVB ZHBVTYLBOFCH FENETOYOSCHI. EE UDBOIS TBURPMPTSEOSHCH FBLCE CH GEOPTE ZPTPDB (RET. lTBUOSCHK, 10) Y CHRPMOE DBAF RTEDUFBCHMEOYE P ZPTPDULPK KHUBDSHVE XVIII CHELB. GEOFTBMSHOPE NEUFP BOYNBEF TSYMPK DPN. l AZKh PF OEZP OBIPDYFUS DCHHILFBTSOSHK ZHMYZEMSH, B PE DCHPTE - LITRYUOSCHE IPSKUFCHEOOOSCH RPUFTPKLY. zhBUBDSH JDBOYK HLTBIEOSCH BTIYFELFHTOSHCHNY DEFBMSNY, IBTBLFETOSHCHNY DMS LRPIY LMBUUYGYYNB. oERPDBMELH UPITBOYMUS VPMSHYPK RTPY'CHPDUFCHEOOSHK LPTRHU, RPUFEREOOP TBTHYBAEYKUS PF READING. FP PDOB Y ZPTPDULYI NBOKHZHBLFHT, PUOPCHBOOBS CH 1781 ZPDKH Y FBLTS RTYOBDMETSBCHYBS OELPZDB FENETYOSCHN. pVTBEBEF ABOUT UEVS CHOYNBOYE YDBOYE YLLTBUOPZP LAYTRYUB CH UFIME NPDETO, TBURPMPTSEOOPE H NPUFB YuETE TELKH FTHVETS (KhM. upchefulbs, 1). FP VSCCHYBS NHTSULBS ZYNOBYS, RPUFTPEOOBS CH RTEDTECHPMAGYPOOSCHE DEUSFIMEFIS RP RTPELFH BTIYFELFPTB n.e. FATYOB. ChPRTPU P E U UFTPIFEMSHUFCHE OYEM ZPDBNY Y TBTEYYMUS FPMSHLP RETED UBNPK ChPKOPK. ZYNOBYA FBL YOE UNPZMY DPUFTPIFSh DBTSE RTY OBYUYFEMSHOPK UHVUYDYY ENUFCHB OB OEYNEOYEN UTEDUFCH. pDOBLP OEEPVIPDYNPUFSH RPDPVOPZP HUEVOPZP HUTETSDEOYS PLBBMBUSH CH FP CHTENS OBUFPMSHLP CHEMYLB, UFP UFTPIYFEMSHUFCHP BLBOYUYCHBMPUSH RPMOPUFSHHA ABOUT RPTSETFCCHPCHBOYS RETEUMBCHGECH. zhBUBDSH JDBOIS, HLTBIEOOSHCHE VEMPK MEROYOPK, DP UYI RPT RTBTSBAF UCHPEK RSHCHIOPUFSHHA. y UEZPDOS, FBL CE LBL Y UFPMEFYE OBBD, VSCHYBS NHTSUULBS ZYNOBYS CHSHCHRPMOSEF UCHPE OERPUTEDUFCHEOOPE RTEDOBOBBYEOOYE - DEUSH RPMHYUBAF OYOBOYS HUEOILY PVEEPVTBBPCHBFEMSHOPK ZPWEPWTBBPCHBFEMSHCHOPK

ABOUT RTPFYCHPRMPTSOPK UFPTPOE HMYGSCH, YUHFSH MECHEEE, OBIPDYFUS VPMEE ULTPNOBS DCHHILFBTSOBS RPUFTPKLB LPOGB XIX CHELB. lPZDB-FP CH OEK Y CH ЪDBOY TSDPN TBURPMBZBMYUSH ZPTPDULPE Y RTYIPDULPE HYUYMYEB, B UEKYUBU - RETEUMBCHULYK HOYCHETUYFEF, PUOPCHBOOSCHK ABOUT VBE YOUFYFHFB RTPZTBFENNOSHCHK UYUUYU. eUMMY DCHYZBFSHUS DBMSHYE RP OBRTBCHMEOYA L nPULCHE, FP NPTsOP CHUFTEFYFSH EEE PYO PVTBEG ZPTPDULPK HUBDShVSHCH (KhM. upcheFULBS, 5). obtsdoshchk DETECHSOOSHCHK UFBTYOOSHCHK DPN, DP UYI RPT UPITBOYCHYK UCHPE PUVPPE PYUBTPCHBOYE, RTYOBDMETSBM TBOSHIE RETEUMBCHULPNKh ZhBVTYLBOFKh u.r. rBChMPCHH, rPYEFOPNKH ZTBTSDBOYOH RETEUMBCHMS. ABOUT EZP RTEDRTYSFYSI LTBUYMY Y REYUBFBMY UYFGSCH ABOUT VKHNBTSOSCHI FLBOSI, OP OBNEOYF PO VSCHM VPMEE UCHPEK VMBZPFCHPTYFEMSHOPUFSHHA Y HYBUFYEN CH UHDSHVBI DEFEK YЪ VEDOSHI UENEK. h OBYUBME XX CHELB WENSHEK rBCHMPCHSHI VSCHMB RPUFTPEOB FATENOBS GETLPCHSH Y CHSHCHRPMOEO TENPOPF VSCCHYEZP chMBDYNYTP-UTEFEOULPZP NPOBUFSHCHTS. OSHCHEE H VSHCHCHYEK HUBDShVE TBURPMBZBEFUS BDNYOYUFTBGYS RETEUMBCHULPZP NHOYGYRBMSHOPZP PLTHZB. CHEMILPMEROP UPITBOYMPUSH DP OBYI DOK EEE PDOP DETECHSOOPE UFTPEOYE - VSCHYBS TSEOUULBS ZYNOBYS (HM. upchefulbs, 22). RPTSBMHK, FFP PDYO Y FEI TEDLYI UMHYUBECH, LPZDB RPUFTPKLY XIX CHELB, DB EEE Y DETECHSOOSHCHE, DPIPDSF DP OBU RTBLFYUEULY CH UCHPEN RETCHP'DBOOPN CHYDE. yOBYUBMSHOP CH BDOYY TBURPMBZBMPUSH TSEOUULPE HYUIMYEE, OP CH 1873 ZPDH ЪDEUSH PFLTSCHMBUSH TSEOUULBS RTPZYNOBYS. rPYEFOSCHN ZTBTSDBOYOPN ZPTPDB VSCHM Y LHREG b.b. chBTEOHHR. rtyobdmetsbchyyk wenshe chbteogpchshchi pupvosl tburpmtseo x ATsOPZP LTBS ЪENMSOSCHI CHPTPF y PVTBEBEF OB UEVS CHOYNBOYE UCHPEK LTBUPFPK (KhM. upchefulbs, 41). USCHO bMELUES ​​bMELUBODTPCHYUB, CHMBDYNYT chBTEOGCHK, FBLTSE LBL Y PFEG, RTPTSYCHBCHYYK CH LFPN DPNE DP UBNPK TECHPMAGYY, PUFBCHYM OBYUYFEMSHOSHCHK UMED CH YUFPTYY ZPTPDB. LBL YUUMEDPCHBFEMSH ZHMPTSCH RETEUMBCHULPZP LTBS, PO UFBM PDOIN Y UPDBFEMEK EUFEUFCHEOOP-YUFPTYUEULPZP PFDEMB LTBECEDYUEULPZP NHES. b UEKYUBU PUPVOSL chBTEOGPCHSCHI SCHMSEFUS BDNYOYUFTBFICHOSCHN GEOPHTPN OBGIPOBMSHOPZP RBTLB "rMEEEEECHP PJETP".

UCHSBOP U TBCHYFYEN CH RETEUMBCHME NHEKOPZP DEMB Y EEE PDOP YDBOYE - DPN CHTBYUB chMBDYNYTB lBTMPCHYUB yYMMS (KhM. lBTDPCHULPZP, 33). PO BCHEEBM RETEDBFSH UCHPK DCHHILFBTSOSHK LBNEOOSHK PUPVOSL ZPTPDH. h LPOGE DELBVTS 1818 ZPDB RETCHSHCHK DYTELFPT RETEUMBCHULPZP NHES n.y. UNITOPCH DPVYMUS RETEDBYUY CH OBY ZPTPD YUBUFY LPMMELGYY LBTFYO, UPVTBOOSCHI LHRGPN y.r. UCHEYOYLPCHCHN. lBTFYOOHA ZBMETEA TEIEOP VSCHMP TBNEUFYFSH H LPNOBFBI PUPVOSLB. CHRPUMEDUFCHY PLBBMPUSH, UFP DMS TBNEEEOYS CHUEI LURPOBFPCH NEUFB UMYYLPN NBMP. nHJEK VSCHM PFLTSCHF ABOUT FETTYFPTYY VSCHCHYEZP zPTYGLPZP NPOBUFSHTS, B PUPVOSL ChTBYUB yYMMS YuETE OELPFPTPE CHTENS UFBM PVSCHYUOSCHN TSYMSCHN DPNPN.

BUMBHTSYCHBEF CHOYNBOYS Y VSHCHCHYK UYTPFULYK RTYAF (HM. upCHEFULBS, 25), RPUFTPEOOSHK CH OBYUBME XX CHELB. yFP CHSHCHUPLPE DCHHILFBTSOPE YDBOYE Y LTBUOPZP LAYTRYUB, HLTBYEOOPE DELPTBFICHOSCHNY LMENEOFBNY VEMPZP GCHEFB. DPRMOEOOPE LPMPOOBNY, NBUUYCHONY OBMYUOYLBNY PLPO Y VBMLPON, POP YNEEF DPUFBFPYUOP CHEMYUEFCHEOOSHCHK CHYD. oEDBTPN UEZPDOS YNEOOP CH OEN TBURPMPTSEOB TBKPOOBS RTPLHTBFHTTB.

RETEUMBCHMSH Y EZP PLTEUFOPUFY CHUEZDB NBOIMY L UEVE RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK FCHPTYUEULPK YOFEMMYZEOGYY. YUFPTYS ZPTPDB OETBTSCHCHOP UCHSBOB U YNEOBNY b.n. vHIBTECHB, l.b. lPTCHYOB, b.w. uETCHB, f.j. yBMSRYOB, n.s. rTYYCHYOB. vPMSHYHA YUBUFSH UCHPEK TSYOY CH RETEUMBCHME RTCHEM FBMBOFMYCHSHCHK IHDPTSOIL, RTPZHEUUPT, DEKUFCHYFEMSHOSHCHK YUMEO BLBDENNY IHDPTSEUFCH Y PYO YЪ PUOPCHBFEMEK NHES-ЪBRPCHEDOILB d.o. lBTDPCHULYK. upITBOYMUS RTPUFPTOSHK DETECHSOOSCHK DPN, CH LPFPTPN PO TSYM Y TBVPFBM U 1915 ZPDB DP UBNPK UCHPEK UNETFY CH 1943 ZPDKh (KhM. nPULPCHULBS, 30). h UETEDYOE 50-I ZPDCH TEYOYEN DPUETY dNYFTYS OYLPMBECHYUB HUBDSHVB VSCHMB RETEDBOB iHDPTSEUFCHEOOPNKH ZHPODH uuut. rPDOEE TSDPN VSM RPUFTPEO GEMSCHK LPNRMELU: TSYMSHE LPTRHUB, NBUFETULYE, OBFHTOSHCHK LMBUU, UFPMPCHBS. h dPN FChPTYUEUFCHB YN. before. lBTDPCHULPZP U HDPCHPMSHUFCHYEN RTIETSBAF IHDPTSOYLY Y ULKHMSHRFPTSCH Y NOPZYI ZPTPDCH tPUUYY.

B RETCHHA RPMPCHYOH XX CHELB BTIYFELFHTTB RETEUMBCHMS OE RTEFETREMMB OBYUYFEMSHOSHCHI YNEOEOYK. TSDPCHBS ЪBUFTPKLB VSCHMB, CH PUOPCHOPN, DETECHSOOPC, ZPTPD RP-RTETSOENH RTPDPMTSBM TBUFSZYCHBFSHUS CHDPMSh DPTPZY nPULCBN - sTPUMBCHMSh, ChPRTELY CHUEN UFTPIFEMSHOSHCHN RTPELFBN Y RMBOBN. teyyfemshosche YЪNEOEOYS OBYUBMYUSH FPMSHLP U UTEDOYOSCH XX CHELB CHNEUFE U ChPOYOLOPCHEOYEN LTHROSCHI RTEDRTYSFYK, CH PUOPCHOPN, INYYUEULPK Y MEZLPK RTPNSCHYMEOOPUFY. OPCHCHE NYLTPTTBKPOSHCH HTSOE VSCHMY RTYCHSBOSCHOY L PETTH rMEEEECHP, OY L UVBTYOOPNKh FPTZPCHPNKh RKhFY. FEN OE NEOEE, OEMSHЪS YuEFLP RTPCHEUFY ZTBOYGH NETsDH UFPMEFISNY — DETECHSOSCHE Y LBNEOOOSCHE DPNB RTPIMPZP CHELB SCHMSAFUS FBLPK CE ZBTNPOYUOPK YUBUFSHHA OBYEK TSYOY, LBL NOPZPFBTSLY YEBCHP.

UPCTENEOOSHK RETEUMBCHMSH - FTEFIK RP CHEMYUOYOE ZPTPD stPUMBCHULPK PVMBUFY U OBUEMEOEN VPMEE 42 FSHCHUSYU YUEMPCHEL. dTECHOYE GETLCHY Y NPOBUFSHCHTY ЪDEUSH NYTOP UPUEDUFCHHAF U PCHTENEOOOSCHNY RPUFTPKLBNY. TBCHYCHBEFUUS RTPNSCHYMEOOPUFSH, UYUFENB PVTBPCHBOYS, TBVPFBAF OBHYUOSCHE HUTETSDEOYS, RPUFEREOOP TBUYTSEFUS FHTYUFULBS YOZHTBUFTHLFHTTB ZPTPDB, RPCHPMSAEBS RTYOYNBFSHYE ZPUFE VPMYuE. RETEUMBCHMSH-BMEUULYK CHIPDYF CH FHTNBTYTHF "UPMPFPE LPMSHGP tPUUYY", ETSEZPDOP EZP RPUEEBAF VPMEE 180,000 FHTYUFCH.